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. 2024 Feb 20;24(1):132.
doi: 10.1186/s12905-024-02916-4.

Measurement of luteinizing hormone surge in vaginal discharge: a potential biomarker that enables simple, non-invasive prediction of the periovulatory period

Moto Takeshita  1   2 , Keita Saito  1   2 , Yuya Suzuki  3   4 , Wataru Yoshimasa  4 , Risako Hayashi  5 , Yoko Chiba  6   7
Affiliations

Measurement of luteinizing hormone surge in vaginal discharge: a potential biomarker that enables simple, non-invasive prediction of the periovulatory period

Moto Takeshita et al. BMC Womens Health. .

Abstract

Background: Predicting the periovulatory period is very important for conception. Current approaches to predicting the periovulatory period include monitoring of basal body temperature and urine luteinizing hormone (LH) concentration; however, these methods are time-consuming. Here, we examined the potential of using vaginal discharge (VD) as a non-invasive means of sample collection for determining the LH surge that indicates ovulation.

Methods: Urine and VD samples were collected from 35 healthy women aged 20-39 years. VD samples were collected with panty liners to reduce the burden on participants. Daily first urine samples and used panty liners were collected from the 10th through 19th days of the menstrual cycle. Urine and VD LH (uLH and vLH) levels in the samples were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Measured vLH baseline and first surge values were analyzed using Student's t-test and ROC curves.

Results: Samples for a total of 55 menstrual cycles were collected. We used uLH surge to establish the date of ovulation. uLH surges were observed in 49 cycles, 34 of which had corresponding VD samples that qualified for measurement. Five cycles were excluded due to a lack of vLH data. In the remaining 29 cycles, the vLH surge appeared within the fertile window 90% of the time, and the sensitivity and specificity of the test were 86% and 83%, respectively.

Conclusions: VD has potential for use as a sample for predicting the periovulatory period by measuring LH content.

Keywords: Fertile window; LH surge; Luteinizing hormone; Vaginal discharge.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Process for determining the day of ovulation by measuring luteinizing hormone in urine (uLH)
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Representative urinary luteinizing hormone peak configurations. Days are counted from the first day of menstruation. The straight line pointed to by the word Ovulation indicates the ovulation day predicted from the uLH surge
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Process for determining the first surge day by measuring luteinizing hormone in vLH
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Statistical and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses, and diagnostic parameters
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Relationship between urinary (uLH) and vaginal discharge (vLH) surge patterns. Each panel has a Shown a single cycle each. A) Strong surges occurred and returned to baseline within three days. The uLH preceded the vLH surge by one day. B) Weak peaks were observed three days prior to the strongest peaks. The vLH surge preceded the uLH surge by four days
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