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Review
. 2024 Jan 27;13(3):743.
doi: 10.3390/jcm13030743.

Comorbidities in COPD: Current and Future Treatment Challenges

Domenica Francesca Mariniello  1 , Vito D'Agnano  1 , Donatella Cennamo  1 , Stefano Conte  1 , Gianluca Quarcio  1 , Luca Notizia  1 , Raffaella Pagliaro  1 , Angela Schiattarella  1 , Rosario Salvi  2 , Andrea Bianco  1 , Fabio Perrotta  1
Affiliations
Review

Comorbidities in COPD: Current and Future Treatment Challenges

Domenica Francesca Mariniello et al. J Clin Med. .

Abstract

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a heterogeneous lung condition, primarily characterized by the presence of a limited airflow, due to abnormalities of the airways and/or alveoli, that often coexists with other chronic diseases such as lung cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolic disorders. Comorbidities are known to pose a challenge in the assessment and effective management of COPD and are also acknowledged to have an important health and economic burden. Local and systemic inflammation have been proposed as having a potential role in explaining the association between COPD and these comorbidities. Considering that the number of patients with COPD is expected to rise, understanding the mechanisms linking COPD with its comorbidities may help to identify new targets for therapeutic purposes based on multi-dimensional assessments.

Keywords: COPD; bronchiectasis; cardiovascular disease; comorbidities; metabolic syndrome; obstructive sleep apnea.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and comorbidities. COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; IL-6: Interleukin 6; IL-1β: Interleukin-1beta; IFNα: Interferon alfa; CRP: C-reactive protein; TNFα: Tumor Necrosis Factor alfa; IL-2: Interleukin 2; IL-4: Interleukin 4; IL-8: Interleukin 8; GM-CSF: granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF); ↑ increased expression; ↓ reduced expression.
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