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Review
. 2024 Jan 18:11:1293568.
doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1293568. eCollection 2024.

The rodent models of arteriovenous fistula

Yuxuan Li #  1 , Ke Hu #  1 , Yiqing Li  1 , Chanjun Lu  2 , Yi Guo  3   4 , Weici Wang  1
Affiliations
Review

The rodent models of arteriovenous fistula

Yuxuan Li et al. Front Cardiovasc Med. .

Abstract

Arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) have long been used as dialysis access in patients with end-stage renal disease; however, their maturation and long-term patency still fall short of clinical needs. Rodent models are irreplaceable to facilitate the study of mechanisms and provide reliable insights into clinical problems. The ideal rodent AVF model recapitulates the major features and pathology of human disease as closely as possible, and pre-induction of the uremic milieu is an important addition to AVF failure studies. Herein, we review different surgical methods used so far to create AVF in rodents, including surgical suturing, needle puncture, and the cuff technique. We also summarize commonly used evaluations after AVF placement. The aim was to provide recent advances and ideas for better selection and induction of rodent AVF models. At the same time, further improvements in the models and a deeper understanding of AVF failure mechanisms are expected.

Keywords: arteriovenous fistula; chronic kidney disease; mice; rats; rodent model.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The evolutionary history of rodent AVF models. The earliest reported time points for several major rodent AVF models are shown. AVF, arteriovenous fistulas; CCA, common carotid artery; CKD, chronic kidney disease; EJV, external jugular vein; FA, femoral artery; FV, femoral vein. Created with processon.com.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Schematic diagram of surgical methods for fistulas in rodents. Current fistula models in rodents are commonly established using including: (A) end-jugular vein to side-carotid artery by surgical suturing. (B) End-femoral artery to side-femoral vein. (C) Side-aorta to side-inferior vena cava by needle puncturing. (D) End-jugular vein to end-carotid artery using cuff technique. IVC, inferior vena cava.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Various evaluation methods on fistulas. (A) Macroscopic view of side-to-end carotid-jugular fistula post-operation. (B) Assessment of the aortocaval fistula by ultrasound by Dardik et al. (97). (C) Near-infrared fluoroscopy images of patency of fistula by Wong et al. (98). (D) Representative images of magnetic resonance imaging, histology and lumen geometrical models showing fistula characteristics by Daniel et al. (99).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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