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. 2024 Jan 15:12:1354241.
doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1354241. eCollection 2024.

The possibility of clinical bonding between metal/ceramic brackets to zirconia: in vitro study

Yichun Hu  1 , Jiayang Gao  1 , Xinyue Huang  1 , Yutong Li  1 , Ziyi Chen  1 , Desong Zhan  2 , Hidehiko Sano  3 , Ricardo M Carvalho  4 , Jiale Fu  2
Affiliations

The possibility of clinical bonding between metal/ceramic brackets to zirconia: in vitro study

Yichun Hu et al. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. .

Erratum in

Abstract

Objective: The present study aimed to assess the bond strength and durability of six bonding agents concerning their application to metal or ceramic brackets and zirconia. Materials and Methods: Six resin cement bonding agents (XT, XTS, RSBU, RGBU, SBPM, and GMP) were chosen for this investigation. Specimens were either stored in distilled water at 37°C for 24 h or subjected to 5,000 thermocycles before conducting a Shear Bond Strength (SBS) test. Statistical analysis of the SBS data was performed using three-way ANOVA and Games-Howell tests (α = 0.05). The Adhesive Remnant Index was examined, and the debonding surface details on brackets and zirconia were observed. Results: For metal brackets, all groups demonstrated clinically acceptable bond strength, irrespective of storage conditions, except for the XT group. Regarding ceramic brackets, all groups displayed acceptable bond strength after 24 h of water storage. However, following thermocycling, a significant decrease in SBS was noted across all groups (p < 0.05), with SBPM exhibiting a higher bond strength. Three-way ANOVA analysis indicated that SBS values were notably influenced by each factor, and an interaction among the three independent variables was observed (p = 0.000). Conclusion: The reliable bond strength between ceramic brackets and zirconia was significantly lower after thermocycling compared to that of metal brackets and zirconia. SBPM exhibited consistent and robust bond strength between ceramic/metal brackets and zirconia across various storage conditions. Furthermore, the HEMA-free adhesive demonstrated a potentially more consistent bonding performance compared to the HEMA-containing adhesive employed in this study.

Keywords: ceramic bracket; metal bracket; resin cement; shear bond strength (SBS); storage condition; zirconia.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Diagram of specimen setting for SBS Test.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
The ARI scores(A): score A; (B): score B; (C): score C; (D): score D; (E): score E; RC: Resin Cement. (A) Metal Brackets (B) Ceramic Brackets.
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Percentages (%) of the different failure modes after SBS test of metal brackets bonded to zirconia. A to E correspond to Score A to Score E.
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
Results of ARI and breakage of ceramic brackets. (1) Percentages (%) of the different failure modes after shear bond strength test of ceramic brackets bonded to zirconia. (2) Percentages (%) of breakage of different ceramic brackets.
FIGURE 5
FIGURE 5
Typical bracket fractures including wings breakage (A) and base breakage (B): Zr (zirconia), A (Adhesive), CB (ceramic bracket base).
FIGURE 6
FIGURE 6
SEM photographs (1,000 × original magnification) of bracket bases: (A) Control Group; (B) XT Group; (C) XTS Group; (D) RSBU Group; (E) RGBU Group; (F) SBPM Group; (G) GMP Group.
FIGURE 7
FIGURE 7
Distribution of elemental composition on the debonding base of metal brackets and ceramic brackets. CG indicates Control Group; NA indicates no applicable.
FIGURE 8
FIGURE 8
Distribution of elemental composition on the debonding base of ceramic brackets.
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