Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2024 Jan 19;13(2):191.
doi: 10.3390/cells13020191.

Regulating Androgen Receptor Function in Prostate Cancer: Exploring the Diversity of Post-Translational Modifications

Lance Edward V Lumahan  1 , Mazia Arif  2 , Amy E Whitener  2 , Ping Yi  2
Affiliations
Review

Regulating Androgen Receptor Function in Prostate Cancer: Exploring the Diversity of Post-Translational Modifications

Lance Edward V Lumahan et al. Cells. .

Abstract

Androgen receptor (AR) transcriptional activity significantly influences prostate cancer (PCa) progression. In addition to ligand stimulation, AR transcriptional activity is also influenced by a variety of post-translational modifications (PTMs). A number of oncogenes and tumor suppressors have been observed leveraging PTMs to influence AR activity. Subjectively targeting these post-translational modifiers based on their impact on PCa cell proliferation is a rapidly developing area of research. This review elucidates the modifiers, contextualizes the effects of these PTMs on AR activity, and connects these cellular interactions to the progression of PCa.

Keywords: acetylation; androgen receptor; methylation; phosphorylation; post-translational modifications; prostate cancer; sumoylation; ubiquitination.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Domain organization of AR. Created with BioRender.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Diagrammatic representation of post-translational modifications of androgen receptor (AR), including acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and SUMOylation. Solid arrows represent modifications that functionally activate AR activity, whereas dotted arrows represent modifications that functionally repress AR activity. N-terminal domain (NTD), DNA binding domain (DBD), and ligand binding domain (LBD). Created with BioRender.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

References

    1. Siegel R.L., Miller K.D., Wagle N.S., Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2023. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2023;73:17–48. doi: 10.3322/caac.21763. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Li R., Wheeler T., Dai H., Frolov A., Thompson T., Ayala G. High level of androgen receptor is associated with aggressive clinicopathologic features and decreased biochemical recurrence-free survival in prostate: Cancer patients treated with radical prostatectomy. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2004;28:928–934. doi: 10.1097/00000478-200407000-00013. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Ricciardelli C., Jackson M., Choong C., Stahl J., Marshall V., Horsfall D., Tilley W. Elevated levels of HER-2/neu and androgen receptor in clinically localized prostate cancer identifies metastatic potential. Prostate. 2008;68:830–838. doi: 10.1002/pros.20747. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Mohler J.L. A role for the androgen-receptor in clinically localized and advanced prostate cancer. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2008;22:357–372. doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2008.01.009. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Harris W.P., Mostaghel E.A., Nelson P.S., Montgomery B. Androgen deprivation therapy: Progress in understanding mechanisms of resistance and optimizing androgen depletion. Nat. Clin. Pract. Urol. 2009;6:76–85. doi: 10.1038/ncpuro1296. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types