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Review
. 2023 Nov 28;15(12):2333.
doi: 10.3390/v15122333.

Viral Components Trafficking with(in) Extracellular Vesicles

Félix Rey-Cadilhac  1   2 , Florian Rachenne  1   2 , Dorothée Missé  1 , Julien Pompon  1
Affiliations
Review

Viral Components Trafficking with(in) Extracellular Vesicles

Félix Rey-Cadilhac et al. Viruses. .

Abstract

The global public health burden exerted by viruses partially stems from viruses' ability to subdue host cells into creating an environment that promotes their multiplication (i.e., pro-viral). It has been discovered that viruses alter cell physiology by transferring viral material through extracellular vesicles (EVs), which serve as vehicles for intercellular communication. Here, we aim to provide a conceptual framework of all possible EV-virus associations and their resulting functions in infection output. First, we describe the different viral materials potentially associated with EVs by reporting that EVs can harbor entire virions, viral proteins and viral nucleic acids. We also delineate the different mechanisms underlying the internalization of these viral components into EVs. Second, we describe the potential fate of EV-associated viral material cargo by detailing how EV can circulate and target a naive cell once secreted. Finally, we itemize the different pro-viral strategies resulting from EV associations as the Trojan horse strategy, an alternative mode of viral transmission, an expansion of viral cellular tropism, a pre-emptive alteration of host cell physiology and an immunity decoy. With this conceptual overview, we aim to stimulate research on EV-virus interactions.

Keywords: cell-cell communication; exosomes; extracellular vesicles; infection; microvesicles; viruses.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Overview of the associations between Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) and viral components. Each column separated by a dotted line illustrates a section of the text. The first column shows the different viral components present in an infected cell and the main EV secretory pathways, as detailed in the introduction. The second column indicates the types of EV-contained viral elements, as presented in Section 2. The third column outlines EV trafficking and delivery of viral cargo to naïve cells, as explained in Section 3. The fourth column depicts the different categories of functions of EVs containing viral material, as detailed in Section 4. Naive recipient cells represent non-infected cell permissive to canonical viral entry. Naive non-target cells represent cells that are not permissive for viruses. mRNA, messenger RNA; ncRNA, non-coding RNA; miRNA, micro-RNA.
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