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Review
. 2023 Oct 30;15(11):2186.
doi: 10.3390/v15112186.

Hepatitis B Virus Genotype H: Epidemiological, Molecular, and Clinical Characteristics in Mexico

Arturo Panduro  1   2 , Sonia Roman  1   2 , Saul Laguna-Meraz  1   2 , Alexis Jose-Abrego  1   2
Affiliations
Review

Hepatitis B Virus Genotype H: Epidemiological, Molecular, and Clinical Characteristics in Mexico

Arturo Panduro et al. Viruses. .

Abstract

The hepatitis B virus (HBV), comprising of ten genotypes (A-J), has been a silent threat against humanity, constituting a public health problem worldwide. In 2016, the World Health Organization set forth an impressive initiative for the global elimination of viral hepatitis by 2030. As the target date approaches, many nations, particularly in the Latin American region, face challenges in designing and implementing their respective elimination plan. This review aimed to portray the state of knowledge about the epidemiological, molecular, and clinical characteristics of HBV genotype H (HBV/H), endemic to Mexico. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched to compile scientific literature over 50 years (1970-2022). A total of 91 articles were organized into thematic categories, addressing essential aspects such as epidemiological data, risk factors, HBV genotype distribution, HBV mixed infections, clinical characteristics, and vaccination. The prevalence and its associated 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were estimated using the Metafor package in R programming language (version 4.1.2). We provide insights into the strengths and weaknesses in diagnostics and prevention measures that explain the current epidemiological profile of HBV/H. Training, research, and awareness actions are required to control HBV infections in Mexico. These actions should contribute to creating more specific clinical practice guides according to the region's characteristics. Mexico's elimination plan for HBV will require teamwork among the government health administration, researchers, physicians, specialists, and civil society advocates to overcome this task jointly.

Keywords: Anti-HBc; HBsAg; Mexico; NAT; diagnostics; genotypes; hepatitis B virus; liver cirrhosis; molecular epidemiology; prevalence.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Incidence of HBV infection cases in Mexico. (A) Heatmap of the accumulated HBV incidence reported by state from 1995 to 2021 (reference: National System of Epidemiological Surveillance, SINAVE, Table A2). (B) Accumulated incidence rate of HBV cases per 100,000 inhabitants stratified by gender and age from 2000 to 2021 (reference: National System of Epidemiological Surveillance).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Heatmap of the number of studies reported by blood bank entities nationwide from 1971 to 2022 regarding HBsAg prevalence.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Prevalence of HBsAg in representative low- and high-risk groups. BD, blood donors; GP, general population; HW, healthcare workers; PW, pregnant woman; SW, sex workers; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus patients; LD, liver disease; PSY, psychiatric patients; HEMO, hemodialysis/transfused; NM, native Mexican. Source: Table A2.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Heatmap of the number and distribution of studies reporting risk factors for HBV infection nationwide from 1971 to 2022.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Timeline showing the shift of HCV risk factors associated with HCV molecular epidemiology from 1998 to 2021 that may influence the risk for HBV infections. (The upper section shows pie charts of the distribution of HCV genotypes versus reported risk factors in the lower section. Source: [111,112,113,114,115]).
Figure 6
Figure 6
Distribution of the HBV genotypes isolated in Mexico. Resource: NCBI (Genbank, 2022).
Figure 7
Figure 7
Heatmap showing the number of studies and the relative geographic distribution of HBV genotypes isolated in Mexico. Resource: NCBI (Genbank, 2022).
Figure 8
Figure 8
HBV viral load related to advanced liver damage among patients with HIV. In a cohort of chronically infected hepatitis B patients co-infected with HIV, liver stiffness and HBV viral load levels were assessed (n = 35). This analysis revealed a correlation between an HBV viral load of approximately 1500 IU/mL and advanced liver damage (F2–F3). (See Section 2 and reference [30] for more details).
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Grants and funding

This research received no external funding.