Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2023 Sep 25;15(9):e45956.
doi: 10.7759/cureus.45956. eCollection 2023 Sep.

Predisposing and Overall Effects of Reproductive Hormones on Breast Cancer: A Review

Aditya K Sarda  1 , Sangita D Jogdand  2
Affiliations
Review

Predisposing and Overall Effects of Reproductive Hormones on Breast Cancer: A Review

Aditya K Sarda et al. Cureus. .

Abstract

Cancer, the second leading cause of mortality worldwide, has been the subject of extensive and quickly changing scientific study and practice. Cancer remains a mystery despite the enormous effort put into understanding the genesis of cancerous cells, the development of malignant tissues, and the process by which they propagate and recur. Cells from humans that have been recruited by cancer and, to some extent, changed into pathogenic organisms or the foundation of tumors serve as agents of destruction. Understanding cancers leads to challenging philosophical issues since they undermine and use multicellular organization processes. Cancer metastasizing cells adopt new phenotypes while discarding previous behaviors. The absence of comprehensive knowledge of this has hampered the development of therapeutics for metastatic illness. For systems-level experimental and computational metastasis modeling, integrating these complex and interconnected features continues to be a problem because metastasis has typically been studied in separate physiological compartments. Lung, breast, and prostate cancers accounted for the bulk of the 18 million new cases of cancer that were diagnosed in 2018. The most frequent cancer in women is breast cancer. Animal experimentation plays a significant role in primary and translational breast cancer research. In theory, such breast cancer models should be comparable to breast cancer in humans in terms of tumor etiology, biological behavior, pathology, and treatment response.

Keywords: breast cancer; hypothalamic and pituitary hormones; ovarian hormones; placental hormones; uterine hormones.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Similar articles

See all similar articles

References

    1. Epidemiology of breast cancer in women. Coughlin SS. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2019;1152:9–29. - PubMed
    1. Global increase in breast cancer incidence: risk factors and preventive measures. Kashyap D, Pal D, Sharma R, et al. Biomed Res Int. 2022;2022:9605439. - PMC - PubMed
    1. [Hormone and breast cancer] Gompel A. Presse Med. 2019;48:1085–1091. - PubMed
    1. Placental supernatants' enhancement of the metastatic potential of breast cancer cells: is estrogen receptor (ERα) essential for this phenomenon? Bar M, Komemi O, Pomeranz M, Fishman A, Drucker L, Lishner M, Tartakover Matalon S. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2019;300:981–991. - PubMed
    1. Current evidence of the oncological benefit-risk profile of hormone replacement therapy. D'Alonzo M, Bounous VE, Villa M, Biglia N. Medicina (Kaunas) 2019;55 - PMC - PubMed

LinkOut - more resources