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. 2023 Sep 20;14(9):773.
doi: 10.3390/insects14090773.

Synergistic Repellent and Irritant Effects of a Mixture of β-Caryophyllene Oxide and Vetiver Oil against Mosquito Vectors

Jirod Nararak  1 , Unchalee Sanguanpong  2 , Chutipong Sukkanon  3 , Sylvie Manguin  4 , Theeraphap Chareonviriyaphap  1
Affiliations

Synergistic Repellent and Irritant Effects of a Mixture of β-Caryophyllene Oxide and Vetiver Oil against Mosquito Vectors

Jirod Nararak et al. Insects. .

Abstract

Repellents play a major role in reducing the risk of mosquito-borne diseases by preventing mosquito bites. The present study evaluated the mosquito-repellent activity of β-caryophyllene oxide 1% (BCO), vetiver oil 2.5% (VO), and their binary mixtures (BCO + VO (1:1), BCO + VO (2:1), BCO + VO (1:2)) against four laboratory-colonized mosquito species, Aedes aegypti (L.), Aedes albopictus (Skuse), Anopheles minimus Theobald, and Culex quinquefasciatus Say, using an excito-repellency assay system. In general, the compound mixtures produced a much stronger response in the mosquitoes than single compounds, regardless of the test conditions or species. The greatest synergetic effect was achieved with the combination of BCO + VO (1:2) in both contact and noncontact trials with An. minimus (74.07-78.18%) and Cx. quinquefasciatus (55.36-83.64%). Knockdown responses to the binary mixture of BCO + VO were observed for Ae. albopictus, An. minimus, and Cx. quinquefasciatus, in the range of 18.18-33.33%. The synergistic repellent activity of BCO and VO used in this study may support increased opportunities to develop safer alternatives to synthetic repellents for personal protection against mosquitoes.

Keywords: avoidance behavior; excito-repellency; mosquito vectors; synergies; vetiver oil; β-caryophyllene oxide.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Escape curves for Ae. aegypti in treated noncontact and contact excito-repellency assays. Escape responses were recorded in 1 min intervals during exposure for 30 min to various combinations of and concentrations of β-caryophyllene oxide (BCO) and vetiver oil (VO). Paired control escape responses not shown.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Escape curves for Ae. albopictus in treated noncontact and contact excito-repellency assays. Escape responses were recorded in 1 min intervals during exposure for 30 min to various combinations of concentrations of β-caryophyllene oxide (BCO) and vetiver oil (VO). Paired control escape responses not shown.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Escape curves for An. minimus in treated noncontact and contact excito-repellency assays. Escape responses were recorded in 1 min intervals during exposure for 30 min to various combinations of concentrations of β-caryophyllene oxide (BCO) and vetiver oil (VO). Paired control escape responses not shown.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Escape curves for Cx. quinquefasciatus in treated noncontact and contact excito-repellency assays. Escape responses were recorded in 1 min intervals during exposure for 30 min to various combinations of concentrations of β-caryophyllene oxide (BCO) and vetiver oil (VO). Paired control escape responses not shown.
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