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Review
. 2023 Aug 3:22:100751.
doi: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100751. eCollection 2023 Oct.

Lipid-hybrid cell-derived biomimetic functional materials: A state-of-the-art multifunctional weapon against tumors

Wen-Shang Liu  1 , Li-Li Wu  2 , Cui-Min Chen  2 , Hao Zheng  3 , Jie Gao  2 , Zheng-Mao Lu  3 , Meng Li  1
Affiliations
Review

Lipid-hybrid cell-derived biomimetic functional materials: A state-of-the-art multifunctional weapon against tumors

Wen-Shang Liu et al. Mater Today Bio. .

Abstract

Tumors are among the leading causes of death worldwide. Cell-derived biomimetic functional materials have shown great promise in the treatment of tumors. These materials are derived from cell membranes, extracellular vesicles and bacterial outer membrane vesicles and may evade immune recognition, improve drug targeting and activate antitumor immunity. However, their use is limited owing to their low drug-loading capacity and complex preparation methods. Liposomes are artificial bionic membranes that have high drug-loading capacity and can be prepared and modified easily. Although they can overcome the disadvantages of cell-derived biomimetic functional materials, they lack natural active targeting ability. Lipids can be hybridized with cell membranes, extracellular vesicles or bacterial outer membrane vesicles to form lipid-hybrid cell-derived biomimetic functional materials. These materials negate the disadvantages of both liposomes and cell-derived components and represent a promising delivery platform in the treatment of tumors. This review focuses on the design strategies, applications and mechanisms of action of lipid-hybrid cell-derived biomimetic functional materials and summarizes the prospects of their further development and the challenges associated with it.

Keywords: Bacterial outer membrane vesicles; Cell membranes; Extracellular vesicles; Hybrid; Liposomes; Tumors therapy.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Figures

Image 1
Graphical abstract
Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Characterization and antitumor mechanisms of lipid-hybrid biomimetic functional materials of different cellular origins. Created by BioRender. Com.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Morphological and biological characterization of lipid-hybrid cell-derived biomimetic functional materials. (A) Transmission electron microscopy images of LIPs, TNVs and LINVs (scale bar = 0.2 μm). (B) Particle size distribution, polydispersity coefficient and zeta potential of LIPs, TNVs and LINVs (n = 3). (C) SDS‒PAGE of cells, TNVs and LINVs. (D) Western blotting of specific antigens on TNVs and LINVs. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [25], Copyright © 2021, American Chemical Society. (LIPs: liposomes; TNVs: tumor-derived nanovesicles; LINVs: lipid hybridization of cell-based primitive biomimetic functional materials.)
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Lipid-hybrid platelet -derived biomimetic functional materials for evade immune and active targeting. (A) Schematic diagram of lipid-hybrid platelet-derived biomimetic materials for active targeted delivery in different tumor models. (B) Schematic representation of differences in the uptake of liposomes and lipid-hybrid platelet-derived biomimetic functional materials by RAW264.7 cells. (C) Flow cytometric detection of the fluorescence intensity of liposomes and lipid-hybrid platelet-derived biomimetic functional materials after coincubation with RAW264.7 cells for 4 h (n = 3) (**, p < 0.01). Reproduced with permission from Ref. [107] Copyright © 2020, American Chemical Society. (BLIPO-1048: platelet membrane-embedded IR 1048 dye-loaded liposomes; LIPO-1048: IR 1048 dye-loaded liposomes.)
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
(A) Schematic diagram of the preparation of MPCM-AuNSs. (B) Schematic diagram of in vivo photothermal therapy. (C) Relative fluorescence intensity of nanoparticles loaded with Cy7 in blood after intravenous injection. (D) Cell membrane-encapsulated or nonencapsulated gold nanoshells were intravenously injected into nude mice within 48 h for in vivo fluorescence imaging. (n = 3). Reproduced with permission from Ref. [78] Copyright © 2016, American Chemical Society. (AuNSs: Au Nanoshells; MPCM-AuNSs: macrophage cell membrane-camouflaged AuNSs). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Schematic diagram of N3-TINPs with a dual targeting mechanism for efficient photothermal therapy. (A) Synthesis of N3-TINPs. (B) After pretreatment with Ac4ManN-BCN, BCN-expressing T cells were labeled. N3-TINPs targeted tumors through immune recognition of T-cell membranes and bio-orthogonal reaction between BCN and N3 moieties and effectively cleared tumors in mice through ICG-mediated photothermal effects. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [146] (N3: azide; N3-TINPs: N3-labeled T-cell membrane; BCN, l bicyclo [6.1.0] nonyne; Ac4ManN-BCN: BCN-modified unnatural sugars; ICG: indocyanine green.). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
(A) Schematic diagram of NK cell membrane-encapsulated nanoparticles for PDT-enhanced cell membrane-based immunotherapy. (B) Proteins on the NK cell membrane polarize M1 macrophages. (C) Gene markers associated with macrophage polarization in vitro. (D) Dying tumor cells release immunogenic cell death-related signaling molecules to promote the maturation of dendritic cells. (E–G) Effects of various drugs on the release of CRT, ATP and HMGB-1 (n = 3 per group; single asterisks indicate p < 0.05, and double asterisks indicate p < 0.01). Reproduced with permission from Ref. [86] Copyright © 2018, American Chemical Society.
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
(A) PLOVs are formed by fusing OMVs and PTSLs. PLOVs promote immune cell maturation and improve the tumor immune microenvironment owing to the self-regulation of OMVs and the thermal effect of PTSLs in response to NIR radiation. Inhibition of CD38 enhances the role of T cells in the tumor microenvironment. (B) The transwell system is illustrated in the schematic diagram. (C) Flow cytometry analyses of CD80 and CD86 expression on DCs. (D) CFSE T-cell proliferation assay. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [216] (PLOVs, lipid-hybrid bacterial-derived biomimetic functional materials).
Fig. 8
Fig. 8
Schematic representation of DOX@LINV for tumor suppression based on the synergistic effects of immunogenic tumor nanoparticles (TNVs) and DOX-induced ICD effects. (A) Cofusion of TNVs with artificial liposomes to prepare DOX@LINV. (B) Mechanisms of tumor inhibition by DOX@LINVs. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [25] Copyright © 2021, American Chemical Society. (LIPs, liposomes; TNVs, tumor-derived nanovesicles; LINV, lipid hybridization of cell-based primitive biomimetic functional materials.)
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