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Review
. 2023 Aug 10;15(16):3355.
doi: 10.3390/polym15163355.

Guided Tissue and Bone Regeneration Membranes: A Review of Biomaterials and Techniques for Periodontal Treatments

Ali M Alqahtani  1
Affiliations
Review

Guided Tissue and Bone Regeneration Membranes: A Review of Biomaterials and Techniques for Periodontal Treatments

Ali M Alqahtani. Polymers (Basel). .

Abstract

This comprehensive review provides an in-depth analysis of the use of biomaterials in the processes of guided tissue and bone regeneration, and their indispensable role in dental therapeutic interventions. These interventions serve the critical function of restoring both structural integrity and functionality to the dentition that has been lost or damaged. The basis for this review is laid through the exploration of various relevant scientific databases such as Scopus, PubMed, Web of science and MEDLINE. From a meticulous selection, relevant literature was chosen. This review commences by examining the different types of membranes used in guided bone regeneration procedures and the spectrum of biomaterials employed in these operations. It then explores the manufacturing technologies for the scaffold, delving into their significant impact on tissue and bone regenerations. At the core of this review is the method of guided bone regeneration, which is a crucial technique for counteracting bone loss induced by tooth extraction or periodontal disease. The discussion advances by underscoring the latest innovations and strategies in the field of tissue regeneration. One key observation is the critical role that membranes play in guided reconstruction; they serve as a barrier, preventing the entry of non-ossifying cells, thereby promoting the successful growth and regeneration of bone and tissue. By reviewing the existing literature on biomaterials, membranes, and scaffold manufacturing technologies, this paper illustrates the vast potential for innovation and growth within the field of dental therapeutic interventions, particularly in guided tissue and bone regeneration.

Keywords: biocompatible polymers; dental biomaterials; guided bone regeneration; guided tissue regeneration; membranes; scaffolds; tissue engineering.

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Conflict of interest statement

The author declares no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Timeline of periodontal regeneration approaches: from the original idea involving a free palatal graft for inhibiting epithelial migration to the most current developments involving additively engineered polymeric multiphasic scaffolds for periodontal tissue engineering.
Figure 2
Figure 2
A schematic diagram of the management of periodontal defects by a bone graft technique. (A) Placing the graft. First, a gum flap is created. Growth factors may then be applied to the root. Graft material is packed into the area where bone was lost. (B) Closing up. The gum is closed and sewn together. (C) After the area heals. Stitches dissolve or are removed.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Schematic of GTR is a technique used to repair periodontal defects. (A) The gum is opened with a procedure known as a flap. Then, a membrane (with or without the bone graft material) is placed over the damaged bone. (B) Closing up. The gum is closed and sewn together. (C) After the area heals. Stitches dissolve or are removed.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Chemical structure of PLA, where (n) denotes the central repeat unit [modified from [88,89].
Figure 5
Figure 5
Schematic illustration of the gas-foaming technique, [source: [200], redesigned with copyright permission from Elsevier license number: 4724150945567, dated 8 December 2019].
Figure 6
Figure 6
Schematic representation of the porous scaffold fabrication process with the Thermally Induced Phase Separation (TIPS), [source: [200], redesigned with copyright permission from Elsevier license number: 4724150945567, dated 8 December 2019].
Figure 7
Figure 7
Schematic illustration of the freeze-drying process, [source: [200], redesigned with copyright permission from Elsevier license number: 4724150945567, dated 8 December 2019].
Figure 8
Figure 8
Schematic illustration of the solvent casting and particulate leaching technique, [source: [200], redesigned with copyright permission from Elsevier license number: 4724150945567, dated 8 December 2019].
Figure 9
Figure 9
Schematic illustration of the spin coating technique, illustrating the steps involved in fabricating a scaffold.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Example of electrospinning apparatus, source: [200], redesigned with copyright permission from Elsevier license number: 4724150945567, dated 8 December 2019.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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