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. 2023 Aug 14;18(8):e0289887.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289887. eCollection 2023.

Exploring the potential of approved drugs for triple-negative breast cancer treatment by targeting casein kinase 2: Insights from computational studies

Affiliations

Exploring the potential of approved drugs for triple-negative breast cancer treatment by targeting casein kinase 2: Insights from computational studies

Tagyedeen H Shoaib et al. PLoS One. .

Abstract

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive malignancy that requires effective targeted drug therapy. In this study, we employed in silico methods to evaluate the efficacy of seven approved drugs against human ck2 alpha kinase, a significant modulator of TNBC metastasis and invasiveness. Molecular docking revealed that the co-crystallized reference inhibitor 108600 achieved a docking score of (-7.390 kcal/mol). Notably, among the seven approved drugs tested, sunitinib, bazedoxifene, and etravirine exhibited superior docking scores compared to the reference inhibitor. Specifically, their respective docking scores were -10.401, -7.937, and -7.743 kcal/mol. Further analysis using MM/GBSA demonstrated that these three top-ranked drugs possessed better binding energies than the reference ligand. Subsequent molecular dynamics simulations identified etravirine, an FDA-approved antiviral drug, as the only repurposed drug that demonstrated a stable and reliable binding mode with the human ck2 alpha protein, based on various analysis measures including RMSD, RMSF, and radius of gyration. Principal component analysis indicated that etravirine exhibited comparable stability of motion as a complex with human ck2 alpha protein, similar to the co-crystallized inhibitor. Additionally, Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed on a complex of etravirine and a representative gold atom positioned at different sites relative to the heteroatoms of etravirine. The results of the DFT calculations revealed low-energy complexes that could potentially serve as guides for experimental trials involving gold nanocarriers of etravirine, enhancing its delivery to malignant cells and introducing a new drug delivery route. Based on the results obtained in this research study, etravirine shows promise as a potential antitumor agent targeting TNBC, warranting further investigation through experimental and clinical assessments.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Fig 1
Fig 1. Chemical structures of the approved drugs.
Fig 2
Fig 2
The two-dimensional (2D) interactions of the docked structures on the active pocket of human ck2 alpha catalytic subunit (PDB 7L1X): (a) Sunitinib (b) Bazedoxifene (c) Etravirine and (d) The co-crystallized reference inhibitor.
Fig 3
Fig 3
Displays: (a) Root mean square deviation (RMSD) graphical record of etravirine (Blue) and the reference ligand (Black) over a 100 ns simulation time, (b) Non-stable RMSD graphs of sunitinib (Red) and bazedoxifene (Black).
Fig 4
Fig 4. The root mean square fluctuation RMSF profile of etravirine (Blue) and the co-crystallized inhibitor (Black).
Fig 5
Fig 5. Radius of gyration graph of Etravirine (Blue) alongside the reference ligand (Black).
Fig 6
Fig 6. A plot that depicts the eigenvalues against eigenvectors for the drug etravirine (Black) and the reference ligand (Red).
Fig 7
Fig 7. 2D projection plot of the first and third principal components that are describing the dynamics of the protein-etravirine complex (Black) and protein-reference ligand complex (Red).
Fig 8
Fig 8. Summary of the different interaction energy values of a gold atom with the heteroatoms of etravirine.

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Grants and funding

This study is supported via funding from Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University. Project number (PSAU/2023/R/1444). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.