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. 2023 Jan-Dec:29:10760296231181917.
doi: 10.1177/10760296231181917.

Measuring Thrombus Stability at High Shear, Together With Thrombus Formation and Endogenous Fibrinolysis: First Experience Using the Global Thrombosis Test 3 (GTT-3)

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Measuring Thrombus Stability at High Shear, Together With Thrombus Formation and Endogenous Fibrinolysis: First Experience Using the Global Thrombosis Test 3 (GTT-3)

Rahim Kanji et al. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2023 Jan-Dec.

Abstract

Thrombus formation in a severely stenosed artery is initiated by high shear activation of platelets, with soluble platelet agonists, such as ADP and thromboxane, playing only a secondary role in the growth and stability of the thrombus. Conventional platelet function tests, however, assess only the soluble agonist-dependent pathway of platelet aggregation. As the thrombus evolves, its stability and ability to withstand dislodgement by arterial flow will determine whether complete and persistent vessel occlusion will occur. The Global Thrombosis Test (GTT), an automated point-of-care technique, simulates the formation of thrombus in whole blood under high shear flow (shear rate >12 000 s-1) and measures the time for occlusive thrombus formation and spontaneous, endogenous thrombolysis/fibrinolysis. The latest GTT-3 model subjects the growing thrombus to upstream pressure, resembling that in a medium-sized artery, and provides an additional assessment of thrombus stability and fibrinolysis rate. It can be used in 3 programs, including a new "hypershear" mode, whereby repetitive cycles of pressure are applied to the growing thrombus, increasing shear rate to ∼22 000 s-1, such as that in patients on mechanical circulatory support. In addition to assessing the risk of arterial thrombosis, the GTT-3 could be used to assess the impact of antithrombotic medications on thrombus stability at high shear. Although current antiplatelet medications target the biochemical axis of platelet aggregation (soluble agonists) and also increase bleeding risk, novel shear-selective antiplatelet therapies may prevent thrombosis while preserving hemostasis. Future studies are needed to assess the usefulness of assessing thrombus stability on cardiovascular and pharmacological evaluation.

Keywords: arterial thrombosis; endogenous thrombolysis; fibrinolysis; thrombotic status; thrombus stability.

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Conflict of interest statement

The author(s) declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: DAG has received institutional research grants from Bayer, Medtronic, AlphaMD and Astra Zeneca. She has received speaker's fees from Astra Zeneca and Boehringer Ingelheim. She is related through family to a company director in Thromboquest Ltd, but neither she, nor her spouse, nor children have financial involvement or equity interest in and have received no financial assistance, support, or grants from the aforementioned.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Schematic showing the principle of thrombus formation in the global thrombosis test. As blood flows through narrow gaps adjacent to the higher ball bearing, high shear forces in this zone cause shear-induced platelet aggregation. Downstream, in the area between the 2 ball bearings, at low shear, activated platelets begin to aggregate. These travel downstream to eventually occlude the narrow gaps adjacent to the smaller ball bearing, by occlusive thrombus.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
A typical graph showing the time intervals when blood flow is driven by pressure. From the start until the onset of occlusion, blood flows under gravity. During thrombus growth from initial to complete occlusion, pressure is applied. Stabilization of occlusion is under atmospheric pressure, but pressure is applied immediately after the onset of spontaneous thrombolysis, and the rate of lysis is determined under pressure.
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Examples of GTT-3 curves showing the variable effects of antithrombotic medications on thrombus stability. The red circles highlight the number of “drops” seen after initial occlusion (OT). The number of drops is inversely proportionate to the thrombus stability. The red brackets show this in a different way, on the curve, and the greater the size of the brackets (inserted here for illustration) the more unstable the thrombus.
Figure 4.
Figure 4.
Typical recording in “hypershear” mode. → Gravity flow. 2. → Flow under pressure. An identical sample from the same patient tested in parallel under gravity flow showed occlusion time (OT) 531 s and lysis time (LT) 1608 s.

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