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Review
. 2023 Jul 12:10:1177708.
doi: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1177708. eCollection 2023.

The effects of hesperidin supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in adults: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis

Atie Sadat Khorasanian  1 , Sahand Tehrani Fateh  2 , Fatemeh Gholami  3 , Niloufar Rasaei  3 , Hadis Gerami  4   5 , Sayyed Saeid Khayyatzadeh  4   6 , Farideh Shiraseb  3 , Omid Asbaghi  7   8
Affiliations
Review

The effects of hesperidin supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in adults: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis

Atie Sadat Khorasanian et al. Front Nutr. .

Abstract

Hesperidin is a naturally occurring bioactive compound that may have an impact on cardiovascular disease risks, but the evidence is not conclusive. To investigate further, this study aimed to explore the effects of hesperidin supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in adults. A comprehensive search was conducted up to August 2022 using relevant keywords in databases such as Scopus, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and ISI Web of Science for all randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The results showed that hesperidin supplementation had a significant effect on reducing serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density cholesterol (LDL), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and systolic blood pressure (SBP), whereas weight was increased. However, no significant effect was observed on high-density cholesterol (HDL), waist circumference (WC), fasting blood glucose (FBG), insulin, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), body mass index (BMI), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). The study also found that an effective dosage of hesperidin supplementation was around 1,000 mg/d, and a more effective duration of supplementation was more than eight weeks to decrease insulin levels. Furthermore, the duration of intervention of more than six weeks was effective in decreasing FBG levels.

Keywords: adults; blood pressure; body mass index; fasting blood glucose; hesperidin; lipid profile; meta-analysis.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Flow chart of study selection for inclusion trials in the systematic review.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Forest plot detailing weighted mean difference and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the effect of hesperidin consumption on (A) TG (mg/dL), (B) TC (mg/dL), (C) LDL (mg/dL), (D) HDL (mg/dL), (E) FBG (mg/dL), (F) fasting insulin (mIU/mL), (G) HOMA-IR, (H) CRP (mg/L), (I) IL-6; (pg/mL), (J) TNF-α (pg/mL), (K) Weight (kg), (L) BMI (kg/m2), (M) WC (cm), (N) SBP (mmHg), and (O) DBP (mmHg). Horizontal lines represent 95% of CIs. Diamonds represent pooled estimates from random-effects analysis. WMD, weighted mean difference; CI, confidence interval; TG, triglyceride; TC, total cholesterol; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance; CRP, C-reactive protein; IL-6, interleukin 6; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Non-linear dose–response analysis on effects of hesperidin dosage (mg/d) on (A) TG (mg/dL), (B) TC (mg/dL), (C) LDL (mg/dL), (D) HDL (mg/dL), (E) FBG (mg/dL), (F) fasting insulin (mIU/mL), (G) HOMA-IR, (H) CRP (mg/L), (I) IL-6; (pg/mL), (J) TNF-α (pg/mL), (K) Weight (kg), (L) BMI (kg/m2), (M) WC (cm), (N) SBP (mmHg), and (O) DBP (mmHg). TG, triglyceride; TC, total cholesterol; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance; CRP, C-reactive protein; IL-6, interleukin 6; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; CI, confidence interval.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Non-linear dose–response analysis on effects of duration of the intervention (week) on (A) TG (mg/dL), (B) TC (mg/dL), (C) LDL (mg/dL), (D) HDL (mg/dL), (E) FBG (mg/dL), (F) fasting insulin (mIU/mL), (G) HOMA-IR, (H) CRP (mg/L), (I) IL-6; (pg/mL), (J) TNF-α (pg/mL), (K) Weight (kg), (L) BMI (kg/m2), (M) WC (cm), (N) SBP (mmHg), and (O) DBP (mmHg). TG, triglyceride; TC, total cholesterol; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance; CRP, C-reactive protein; IL-6, interleukin 6; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; CI, confidence interval.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Random-effects meta-regression plots of the association between the dose of hesperidin (mg/day) and weighted mean difference of (A) TG (mg/dL), (B) TC (mg/dL), (C) LDL (mg/dL), (D) HDL (mg/dL), (E) FBG (mg/dL), (F) fasting insulin (mIU/mL), (G) HOMA-IR, (H) CRP (mg/L), (I) IL-6; (pg/mL), (J) TNF-α (pg/mL), (K) Weight (kg), (L) BMI (kg/m2), (M) WC (cm), (N) SBP (mmHg), and (O) DBP (mmHg). TG, triglyceride; TC, total cholesterol; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance; CRP, C-reactive protein; IL-6, interleukin 6; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Random-effects meta-regression plots of the association between duration of intervention and weighted mean difference of (A) TG (mg/dL), (B) TC (mg/dL), (C) LDL (mg/dL), (D) HDL (mg/dL), (E) FBG (mg/dL), (F) fasting insulin (mIU/mL), (G) HOMA-IR, (H) CRP (mg/L), (I) IL-6; (pg/mL), (J) TNF-α (pg/mL), (K) Weight (kg), (L) BMI (kg/m2), (M) WC (cm), (N) SBP (mmHg), and (O) DBP (mmHg). TG, triglyceride; TC, total cholesterol; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance; CRP, C-reactive protein; IL-6, interleukin 6; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Funnel plots for the effect of hesperidin consumption on (A) TG (mg/dL), (B) TC (mg/dL), (C) LDL (mg/dL), (D) HDL (mg/dL), (E) FBG (mg/dL), (F) fasting insulin (mIU/mL), (G) HOMA-IR, (H) CRP (mg/L), (I) IL-6; (pg/mL), (J) TNF-α (pg/mL), (K) Weight (kg), (L) BMI (kg/m2), (M) WC (cm), (N) SBP (mmHg), and (O) DBP (mmHg). TG, triglyceride; TC, total cholesterol; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance; CRP, C-reactive protein; IL-6, interleukin 6; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; CI, confidence interval.
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