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. 2023 Jul 4;12(13):4483.
doi: 10.3390/jcm12134483.

Effect of COVID-19 on Blood Pressure Profile and Oxygen Pulse during and after the Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test in Healthy Adults

Kamila Miętkiewska-Szwacka  1   2 , Remigiusz Domin  2   3 , Małgorzata Kwissa  1   2 , Mikołaj Żołyński  2   4 , Jan Niziński  2   4 , Elżbieta Turska  5 , Maciej Cymerys  1
Affiliations

Effect of COVID-19 on Blood Pressure Profile and Oxygen Pulse during and after the Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test in Healthy Adults

Kamila Miętkiewska-Szwacka et al. J Clin Med. .

Abstract

Several reports have shown the impact of COVID-19 history on exercise capacity. This study compared the blood pressure (BP) response and oxygen pulse (O2 pulse) characteristics in normotensive patients with and without a history of COVID-19 during the cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) and post-exercise recovery. This cross-sectional study involved 130 healthy Caucasian adult volunteers (71 participants with a history of COVID-19). All patients underwent the CPET with blood pressure measurements during exercise and post-exercise recovery. The post-COVID group had significantly higher systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure after 9 min of recovery and achieved a significantly lower max O2 pulse (2.02 mL/beat on average) than the controls. It should be noted that the COVID group tended to have higher blood pressure values in all steps, with no differences in heart rate, pulse pressure, and saturation at any step. The COVID-19 outbreak was associated with a higher blood pressure response, significantly, in post-exercise recovery, a lower maximum O2 pulse, and a lower maximum load achievement. Future studies are needed to determine if these abnormalities during the CPET and the blood pressure variation have prognostic value.

Keywords: COVID-19; blood pressure; cardiopulmonary exercise test; oxygen pulse; post-exercise recovery.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The load (left) and O2 pulse (right) in terms of steps and groups with significant differences between the groups for the fitted models 1,2 (NS—non-significant; ***—p < 0.001). Load and O2 pulse were significantly lower at maximal activity in the COVID group.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure in terms of the marginal load max average = 239 Watts, steps, and groups, with significant differences between the groups for the fitted models 3, 4, and 8 (NS—non-significant; *—p < 0.05; **—0.001 ≤ p < 0.01). Systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure were significantly higher in the COVID group after 12 and 15 min of recovery.
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