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Review
. 2023 Jun 17;15(6):1388.
doi: 10.3390/v15061388.

Conditional Cell Reprogramming and Air-Liquid Interface Modeling Life Cycle of Oncogenic Viruses (HPV and EBV) in Epithelial Cells and Virus-Associated Human Carcinomas

Abdul Qawee Rani  1 , Dilber Nurmemet  1 , Joseph Liffick  1 , Anam Khan  1 , Darrion Mitchell  1   2 , Jenny Li  1 , Bo Zhao  3 , Xuefeng Liu  1   4
Affiliations
Review

Conditional Cell Reprogramming and Air-Liquid Interface Modeling Life Cycle of Oncogenic Viruses (HPV and EBV) in Epithelial Cells and Virus-Associated Human Carcinomas

Abdul Qawee Rani et al. Viruses. .

Abstract

Several oncogenic viruses are associated with approximately 20% of human cancers. Experimental models are crucial for studying the pathogenicity and biological aspects of oncogenic viruses and their potential mechanisms in tumorigenesis. Current cell models have considerable limitations such as: their low yield, genetic and epigenetic modification, and reduction in tumor heterogeneity during long propagation. Cancer cell lines are limited and not appropriate for studying the viral life cycle, for example, natural viral life cycles of HPV and EBV, and their persistence and latency in epithelial cells are poorly understood, since these processes are highly related to epithelial differentiation. Therefore, there is an urgent need of reliable human physiological cell models to study viral life cycle and cancer initiation. Conditional cell reprogramming (CCR) is a rapid and robust cell culture system, where the cells can be established from minimally invasive or noninvasive specimens and their lineage functions preserved during the long-term culture. These CR cells retain their ability to differentiate at air-liquid interface (ALI). Here, we recapitulated the applications of CR and ALI approaches in modeling host-virus interactions and viral-mediated tumorigenesis.

Keywords: EBV; HPV; air–liquid interface; conditional cell reprogramming; oncogenic viruses.

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Conflict of interest statement

Several patents for conditional reprogramming technology were awarded to Georgetown University by the United States Patent Office. The license for this technology was given to a Maryland-based start-up company for commercialization. The inventor, X.L., and Georgetown University receive potential royalties and payments from the company. CR media and CR cells were distributed by Propagenix, StemCell Technology, Fisher Scientific, ATCC, etc. The other authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. The other authors declare no conflicts of interest. The authors are responsible for the content and writing of this manuscript.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Potential applications of CR/ALI technologies in virus-mediated cancers illustrating suggested key tests to be applied to study viral biology and cancer initiation.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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