Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2023 Oct:193:108970.
doi: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.108970. Epub 2023 Jun 14.

Two-Dimensional (2D) materials in the detection of SARS-CoV-2

Aytekin Uzunoglu  1 , Evrim Gunes Altuntas  2 , Hasan Huseyin Ipekci  1 , Ozum Ozoglu  3
Affiliations

Two-Dimensional (2D) materials in the detection of SARS-CoV-2

Aytekin Uzunoglu et al. Microchem J. 2023 Oct.

Abstract

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has resulted in a devastating effect on human health in the last three years. While tremendous effort has been devoted to the development of effective treatment and vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and controlling the spread of it, collective health challenges have been encountered along with the concurrent serious economic impacts. Since the beginning of the pandemic, various detection methods like PCR-based methods, isothermal nucleic acid amplification-based (INAA) methods, serological methods or antibody tests, and evaluation of X-ray chest results have been exploited to diagnose SARS-CoV-2. PCR-based detection methods in these are considered gold standards in the current stage despite their drawbacks, including being high-cost and time-consuming procedures. Furthermore, the results obtained from the PCR tests are susceptible to sample collection methods and time. When the sample is not collected properly, obtaining a false result may be likely. The use of specialized lab equipment and the need for trained people for the experiments pose additional challenges in PCR-based testing methods. Also, similar problems are observed in other molecular and serological methods. Therefore, biosensor technologies are becoming advantageous with their quick response, high specificity and precision, and low-cost characteristics for SARS-CoV-2 detection. In this paper, we critically review the advances in the development of sensors for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 using two-dimensional (2D) materials. Since 2D materials including graphene and graphene-related materials, transition metal carbides, carbonitrides, and nitrides (MXenes), and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) play key roles in the development of novel and high-performance electrochemical (bio)sensors, this review pushes the sensor technologies against SARS-CoV-2 detection forward and highlights the current trends. First, the basics of SARS-CoV-2 detection are described. Then the structure and the physicochemical properties of the 2D materials are explained, which is followed by the development of SARS-CoV-2 sensors by exploiting the exceptional properties of the 2D materials. This critical review covers most of the published papers in detail from the beginning of the outbreak.

Keywords: 2D materials; Biosensor; Graphene; MXenes; SARS-CoV-2; TMDs.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Figures

None
Graphical abstract
Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Structure and function of SARS-CoV-2 virus (reprinted with permission from ref [20]).
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Different carbon allotropes made up by bending or stacking the monolayer graphene (reprinted with permission from ref [38]).
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
The structural representation of the MXene phases with different structures and compositions (reprinted with permission from ref [47]).
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Representative schematics of TMDs; a: 2H and b: 3R, c) 1 T, d) grinding plane of S, e) grinding plane of Mo, and f) 3D representation of MoS2 (reprinted with permission from ref [54]).
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
A) schematic of the sars-cov-2 fet biosensor developed by seo et al., b) analytical response of the sensors against SARS-CoV-2 antigen, c) calibration curve of the sensors, d) selectivity of the FET-biosensors against SARS-CoV-2 antigen and MERS-CoV-2 proteins, e-f) response of the sensors towards SARS-CoV-2 proteins in universal transport medium and the corresponding calibration curve (reprinted with permission from ref [64]).
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
SEM images of flat and crumbled graphene, b-c) change in the direct point with the use of crumbled graphene in FET biosensors (reprinted with permission from ref [66]).
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
Schematic diagram of the fabricated monolayer WSe2-based FET COVID sensor (reprinted with permission from ref [60]).
Fig. 8
Fig. 8
Working schematics of different types of optical biosensors (reprinted with permission from ref [76]).
Fig. 9
Fig. 9
A schematic diagram of the study with a five-layered (Bk7/Au/PtSe2/Graphene/PBS) SPR biosensor for diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 was explained above .
Fig. 10
Fig. 10
Illustration of device components and detection steps (reprinted with permission from ref [107]).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

References

    1. WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard | WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard With Vaccination Data, (n.d.). https://covid19.who.int/?mapFilter=cases (accessed November 29, 2022).
    1. Yüce M., Filiztekin E., Özkaya K.G. COVID-19 diagnosis —a review of current methods. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2021;172:112752. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Memikoğlu O., Genç V., editors. COVID-19. Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi; Ankara: 2020. http://www.medicine.ankara.edu.tr/wp-content/uploads/sites/121/2020/05/C....
    1. Maguolo G., Nanni L. A critic evaluation of methods for COVID-19 automatic detection from X-ray images. Inf. Fusion. 2021;76:1–7. doi: 10.1016/j.inffus.2021.04.008. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Wu S.Y., Yau H.S., Yu M.Y., Tsang H.F., Chan L.W.C., Cho W.C.S., Shing Yu A.C., Yuen Yim A.K., Li M.J.W., Wong Y.K.E., Pei X.M., Cesar Wong S.C. The diagnostic methods in the COVID-19 pandemic, today and in the future. Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn. 2020;20:985–993. doi: 10.1080/14737159.2020.1816171. - DOI - PubMed

LinkOut - more resources