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Review
. 2023 Jun 5:16:1171101.
doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1171101. eCollection 2023.

Biomarkers and the outcomes of ischemic stroke

Affiliations
Review

Biomarkers and the outcomes of ischemic stroke

Ying Huang et al. Front Mol Neurosci. .

Abstract

Biomarkers are measurable substances that could be used as objective indicators for disease diagnosis, responses to treatments, and outcomes predictions. In this review, we summarized the data on a number of important biomarkers including glutamate, S100B, glial fibrillary acidic protein, receptor for advanced glycation end-products, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, von willebrand factor, matrix metalloproteinase-9, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-a, activated protein C, copeptin, neuron-specific enolase, tau protein, gamma aminobutyric acid, blood glucose, endothelial progenitor cells, and circulating CD34-positive cells that could be potentially used to indicate the disease burden and/or predict clinical outcome of ischemic stroke. We examined the relationship between specific biomarkers and disease burden and outcomes and discussed the potential mechanisms underlying the relationship. The clinical significance and implications of these biomarkers were also discussed.

Keywords: biomarker; ischemic stroke; prediction; prognosis; stroke.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Involvement of biomarkers in ischemic stroke pathophysiology. After ischemic events, neurons suffer from energy failure, inducing the dysfunction of ion channels, leading to the release of glutamate, then increasing intracellular calcium, sodium, and water influx. Following calcium overload, calcium-dependent enzymes are activated, which results in the formation of NO, AAM, and SO, ultimately leading to oxidative and ischemic brain injury. Within the neurovascular unit, microglia get the activated response immediately after IS, with releasing proinflammatory cytokines (TNFɑ, IL-6, and MMP), simultaneously promoting astrocyte activation. Reversely, reactive astrocytes activate microglia, likewise secreting various factors, which damage the BBB, then inducing the migration of peripheral immune cells, leading to secondary BBB damage.

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