Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2023 Apr 17:14:1172000.
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1172000. eCollection 2023.

Reprogramming viral immune evasion for a rational design of next-generation vaccines for RNA viruses

Chia-Ming Su  1 , Yijun Du  2 , Raymond R R Rowland  1 , Qiuhong Wang  3   4 , Dongwan Yoo  1
Affiliations
Review

Reprogramming viral immune evasion for a rational design of next-generation vaccines for RNA viruses

Chia-Ming Su et al. Front Immunol. .

Abstract

Type I interferons (IFNs-α/β) are antiviral cytokines that constitute the innate immunity of hosts to fight against viral infections. Recent studies, however, have revealed the pleiotropic functions of IFNs, in addition to their antiviral activities, for the priming of activation and maturation of adaptive immunity. In turn, many viruses have developed various strategies to counteract the IFN response and to evade the host immune system for their benefits. The inefficient innate immunity and delayed adaptive response fail to clear of invading viruses and negatively affect the efficacy of vaccines. A better understanding of evasion strategies will provide opportunities to revert the viral IFN antagonism. Furthermore, IFN antagonism-deficient viruses can be generated by reverse genetics technology. Such viruses can potentially serve as next-generation vaccines that can induce effective and broad-spectrum responses for both innate and adaptive immunities for various pathogens. This review describes the recent advances in developing IFN antagonism-deficient viruses, their immune evasion and attenuated phenotypes in natural host animal species, and future potential as veterinary vaccines.

Keywords: IFN antagonism; NF-kappa B (NF-κB); live-attenuated vaccine; next-generation vaccines; type I interferons (IFNs); veterinary vaccine; veterinary virology; viral immune evasion.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Suppression of IFNs-α/β production and IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) expression during infection by various animal viruses. IFN suppression-deficient viruses have been constructed, and their immunological and clinical outcomes have been examined in their natural host animal species. Vertical arrow (dotted line) divides the IFN signaling to “IFN production pathway” (left) and “IFN signaling JAK-STAT pathway” (right). Bars (red) indicate sites of action by specific viral proteins for IFN suppression. FMDV, foot-and-mouth disease virus (–51); PEDV, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (52); MeV, measles virus (–59); PRRSV, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (–63); WNV, West Nile virus (64); ZIKV, Zika virus (65); DENV, Dengue virus (66); BRSV, bovine respiratory syncytial virus (–70); RSV, respiratory syncytial virus (71, 72); IRF, interferon regulatory factor; ISRE, interferon stimulation response element; STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription. Images were created with BioRender.com.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

References

    1. Samuel CE. Antiviral actions of interferons. Clin Microbiol Rev (2001) 14:778–809. doi: 10.1128/CMR.14.4.778-809.2001 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Katze MG, Fornek JL, Palermo RE, Walters K-A, Korth MJ. Innate immune modulation by RNA viruses: emerging insights from functional genomics. Nat Rev Immunol (2008) 8:644–54. doi: 10.1038/nri2377 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Royer DJ, Carr MM, Chucair-Elliott AJ, Halford WP, Carr DJJ. Impact of type I interferon on the safety and immunogenicity of an experimental live-attenuated herpes simplex virus 1 vaccine in mice. J Virol (2017) 91:e02342–16. doi: 10.1128/JVI.02342-16 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Ma Z, Li Z, Dong L, Yang T, Xiao S. Reverse genetic systems: rational design of coronavirus live attenuated vaccines with immune sequelae. Adv Virus Res (2020) 107:383–416. doi: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2020.06.003 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Marsh G, Tannock G. The role of reverse genetics in the development of vaccines against respiratory viruses. Expert Opin Biol Ther (2005) 5:369–80. doi: 10.1517/14712598.5.3.369 - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

Grants and funding

This project was supported by Agriculture and Food Research Initiative (AFRI) Competitive Grants nos. 2018-67015-28287 and 2023-67015-39710 from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA) to DY.