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Review
. 2023 Mar 14:14:1153901.
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1153901. eCollection 2023.

Role of stem cell derivatives in inflammatory diseases

Yuxi Yang  1 , Yiqiu Peng  1 , Yingying Li  2 , Tingjuan Shi  1 , Yingyi Luan  2 , Chenghong Yin  2
Affiliations
Review

Role of stem cell derivatives in inflammatory diseases

Yuxi Yang et al. Front Immunol. .

Abstract

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are pluripotent stem cells of mesodermal origin with the ability of self-renewal and multidirectional differentiation, which have all the common characteristics of stem cells and the ability to differentiate into adipocytes, osteoblasts, neuron-like cells and other cells. Stem cell derivatives are extracellular vesicles(EVs) released from mesenchymal stem cells that are involved in the process of body's immune response, antigen presentation, cell differentiation, and anti-inflammatory. EVs are further divided into ectosomes and exosomes are widely used in degenerative diseases, cancer, and inflammatory diseases due to their parental cell characteristics. However, most diseases are closely related to inflammation, and exosomes can mitigate the damage caused by inflammation in terms of suppressing the inflammatory response, anti-apoptosis and promoting tissue repair. Stem cell-derived exosomes have become an emerging modality for cell-free therapy because of their high safety and ease of preservation and transportation through intercellular communication. In this review, we highlight the characteristics and functions of MSCs-derived exosomes and discuss the regulatory mechanisms of MSCs-derived exosomes in inflammatory diseases and their potential applications in clinical diagnosis and therapy.

Keywords: diagnose; exosome; inflammatory diseases; stem cells; treatment.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Biogenesis and composition of exosomes. Exosomes secreted by almost all types of cells in the body, such as MSCs, dendritic and B lymphocyte cells. Fluid and extracellular components can enter cells along with cell surface proteins through endocytosis and plasma membrane invagination. This process leads to the formation of early-sorting endosomes (ESEs), endoplasmic reticulum and pre-formed Golgi apparatus, develops into late endosomes (LSEs), and interconnects with cell membrane network structures to form intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) containing vesicle structures. the ILVs are ultimately secreted as exosomes of 40 ~ 160 nm in diameter through MVB fusion to the plasma membrane and cytosolic exocytosis. Exosomes expres EV surface markers CD63, CD9 and CD81, and also contain DNA, RNA and some common proteins, including MVB biogenesis proteins (Alix, TSG101, and ESCRT Complex), membrane transporter and heat shock proteins (HSP60, 70, and 90), lipid related proteins, and phospholipases.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Timeline of advances in the research on exosomes. The first discovery and designation of exosomes and their clinical application as therapeutic tools.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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Grants and funding

This study was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 81873943), and the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Nos. 2016YFC1000100).

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