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Review
. 2022 Dec 7:10:1091360.
doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1091360. eCollection 2022.

Engineering exosomes for bone defect repair

Shaoyang Ma  1 , Yuchen Zhang  1 , Sijia Li  1 , Ang Li  1 , Ye Li  1 , Dandan Pei  1
Affiliations
Review

Engineering exosomes for bone defect repair

Shaoyang Ma et al. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. .

Abstract

Currently, bone defect repair is still an intractable clinical problem. Numerous treatments have been performed, but their clinical results are unsatisfactory. As a key element of cell-free therapy, exosome is becoming a promising tool of bone regeneration in recent decades, because of its promoting osteogenesis and osteogenic differentiation function in vivo and in vitro. However, low yield, weak activity, inefficient targeting ability, and unpredictable side effects of natural exosomes have limited the clinical application. To overcome the weakness, various approaches have been applied to produce engineering exosomes by regulating their production and function at present. In this review, we will focus on the engineering exosomes for bone defect repair. By summarizing the exosomal cargos affecting osteogenesis, the strategies of engineering exosomes and properties of exosome-integrated biomaterials, this work will provide novel insights into exploring advanced engineering exosome-based cell-free therapy for bone defect repair.

Keywords: bone regeneration; engineering exosomes; exosomal cargos; exosome-integrated biomaterials; osteogenesis.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Schematic of exosomal cargos (miRNA, lncRNA, circRNA, tsRNA, mRNA and protein) with the function of promoting bone regeneration.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Three strategies of engineering exosomes for bone regeneration. ODM: osteogenic differentiation medium.
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
The properties of biomaterial (hydrogel and metal scaffold) help exosomes to promote bone regeneration.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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