Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2022 Dec 7;23(24):15497.
doi: 10.3390/ijms232415497.

Elusive Trans-Acting Factors Which Operate with Type I (Poliovirus-like) IRES Elements

Dmitry E Andreev  1   2 , Michael Niepmann  3 , Ivan N Shatsky  2
Affiliations
Review

Elusive Trans-Acting Factors Which Operate with Type I (Poliovirus-like) IRES Elements

Dmitry E Andreev et al. Int J Mol Sci. .

Abstract

The phenomenon of internal initiation of translation was discovered in 1988 on poliovirus mRNA. The prototypic cis-acting element in the 5' untranslated region (5'UTR) of poliovirus mRNA, which is able to direct initiation at an internal start codon without the involvement of a cap structure, has been called an IRES (Internal Ribosome Entry Site or Segment). Despite its early discovery, poliovirus and other related IRES elements of type I are poorly characterized, and it is not yet clear which host proteins (a.k.a. IRES trans-acting factors, ITAFs) are required for their full activity in vivo. Here we discuss recent and old results devoted to type I IRESes and provide evidence that Poly(rC) binding protein 2 (PCBP2), Glycyl-tRNA synthetase (GARS), and Cold Shock Domain Containing E1 (CSDE1, also known as UNR) are major regulators of type I IRES activity.

Keywords: CSDE1; GARS; IRES; ITAF; PCBP2; STRAP; UNR; poliovirus; translation initiation.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Domain organization of ITAFs involved in type I IRES-driven translation. Secondary structure of PV IRES (Mahoney strain) with highlighted functionally important sequences. Nucleotides that are protected or modified in the presence of selected proteins are marked. Note that while there is no direct evidence regarding UNR binding site on PV IRES, an approximation was made from the data obtained for the HRV-2 IRES.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

References

    1. Kozak M. How do eucaryotic ribosomes select initiation regions in messenger RNA? Cell. 1978;15:1109–1123. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(78)90039-9. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Kozak M. Evaluation of the “scanning model” for initiation of protein synthesis in eucaryotes. Cell. 1980;22:7–8. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(80)90148-8. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Shirokikh N.E., Preiss T. Translation initiation by cap-dependent ribosome recruitment: Recent insights and open questions. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. RNA. 2018;9:e1473. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1473. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Hinnebusch A.G., Lorsch J.R. The mechanism of eukaryotic translation initiation: New insights and challenges. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol. 2012;4:a011544. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a011544. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Meerovitch K., Nicholson R., Sonenberg N. In vitro mutational analysis of cis-acting RNA translational elements within the poliovirus type 2 5′ untranslated region. J. Virol. 1991;65:5895–5901. doi: 10.1128/jvi.65.11.5895-5901.1991. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

MeSH terms

LinkOut - more resources