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. 2022 Nov 24;12(52):33706-33715.
doi: 10.1039/d2ra04009c. eCollection 2022 Nov 22.

Fabrication and biological evaluation of three-dimensional (3D) Mg substituted bi-phasic calcium phosphate porous scaffolds for hard tissue engineering

Munusamy Ramadas  1 , Ravichandran Abimanyu  1 , José M F Ferreira  2 , Anbalagan M Ballamurugan  1
Affiliations

Fabrication and biological evaluation of three-dimensional (3D) Mg substituted bi-phasic calcium phosphate porous scaffolds for hard tissue engineering

Munusamy Ramadas et al. RSC Adv. .

Abstract

This work reports on the fabrication of three-dimensional (3D) magnesium substituted bi-phasic calcium phosphate (Mg-BCP) scaffolds by gel-casting, their structural and physico-chemical characterization, and on the assessment of their in vitro and in vivo performances. The crystalline phase assemblage, chemical functional groups and porous morphology features of the scaffolds were evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), respectively. The sintered scaffolds revealed an interconnected porosity with pore sizes ranging from 4.3 to 7.28 μm. The scaffolds exhibited good biomineralization activity upon immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF), while an in vitro study using MG-63 cell line cultures confirmed their improved biocompatibility, cell proliferation and bioactivity. Bone grafting of 3D scaffolds was performed in non-load bearing bone defects surgically created in tibia of rabbits, used as animal model. Histological and radiological observations indicated the successful restoration of bone defects. The overall results confirmed the suitability of the scaffolds to be further tested as synthetic bone grafts in bone regeneration surgeries and in bone tissue engineering applications.

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Conflict of interest statement

There are authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1. Schematics of the gel-casting process used to consolidate the Mg–BCP scaffolds, followed by sintering at 1300 °C for 2 h.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2. Bone repair ability of the scaffolds: (i) surgical implantation procedure of scaffolds into rabbits' tibia bone defects, (ii) X-ray radiographic images of the Mg–BCP samples at different post implantation of the points 1st day, 15th day and 45th day. (iii) Histological analysis of implanted scaffolds 15th day and 45th day of surgery.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3. (i) XRD patterns and (ii) FT-IR spectra obtained for BCP and Mg–BCP scaffolds after heat treatment at 1100 °C and 1300 °C.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4. FE-SEM morphology of (a) BCP and (b) Mg–BCP powders: (c and d) EDS elements detected in the BCP and Mg–BCP respectively.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5. Photos of the (i) bi-phasic calcium phosphate (BCP) scaffold and (ii) magnesium substituted bi-phasic calcium phosphate (Mg–BCP) scaffolds: (a–c) pores BCP scaffold and (d–f) pores Mg–BCP scaffold from FE-SEM analysis.
Fig. 6
Fig. 6. FE-SEM images of scaffolds made of (i) BCP (a and b), (ii) Mg–BCP (c and d), after immersion for 7th (a–c) and 14th days (b and d); (e–h) EDS elements detected in the BCP (e and f) and in the Mg–BCP (g and h) scaffolds after immersion in SBF for 7th (e and g) and 14th days (f and h).
Fig. 7
Fig. 7. (i) In vitro cytotoxicity of undoped BCP and Mg–BCP scaffolds for different concentration (10 to 1000 μg mL−1) to MG-63 cells at 24 h. (ii) (a–d) Confocal microscopy images of live/dead analysis of at 24 h of culture.
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