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Review
. 2022 Oct 26;13(4):204.
doi: 10.3390/jfb13040204.

Two-Dimensional Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4) Nanosheets and Their Derivatives for Diagnosis and Detection Applications

Mehrab Pourmadadi  1 , Maryam Rajabzadeh-Khosroshahi  1 , Fatemeh Saeidi Tabar  1 , Narges Ajalli  1 , Amirmasoud Samadi  1   2 , Mahsa Yazdani  1   3 , Fatemeh Yazdian  4 , Abbas Rahdar  5 , Ana M Díez-Pascual  6
Affiliations
Review

Two-Dimensional Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4) Nanosheets and Their Derivatives for Diagnosis and Detection Applications

Mehrab Pourmadadi et al. J Funct Biomater. .

Abstract

The early diagnosis of certain fatal diseases is vital for preventing severe consequences and contributes to a more effective treatment. Despite numerous conventional methods to realize this goal, employing nanobiosensors is a novel approach that provides a fast and precise detection. Recently, nanomaterials have been widely applied as biosensors with distinctive features. Graphite phase carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is a two-dimensional (2D) carbon-based nanostructure that has received attention in biosensing. Biocompatibility, biodegradability, semiconductivity, high photoluminescence yield, low-cost synthesis, easy production process, antimicrobial activity, and high stability are prominent properties that have rendered g-C3N4 a promising candidate to be used in electrochemical, optical, and other kinds of biosensors. This review presents the g-C3N4 unique features, synthesis methods, and g-C3N4-based nanomaterials. In addition, recent relevant studies on using g-C3N4 in biosensors in regard to improving treatment pathways are reviewed.

Keywords: antimicrobial activity biomedical applications; biosensors; diagnosis; graphitic carbon nitride; nanomaterials.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this article.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
(A) Various g-C3N4 precursors and the corresponding temperatures for their thermal condensation into g-C3N4-, adapted from reference [50] under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license. (B) g-C3N4 structure, adapted from reference [51] under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Activation of g-C3N4 on glassy carbon electrode and the redox reaction on the developed electrochemical biosensor for serotonin (5-HT)-. Adapted from reference [86] under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Different schemes of fluorescent reagent-less protein-based biosensors. Single-fluorophore-based biosensors: Change in conformation (A) or target interaction (B) changes the environment of fluorophore. Two-fluorophore-based biosensors: In between two different fluorophores, FRET is recorded (fluorescent proteins) (C), or by breaking the stack of two fluorescent dyes which are identical (D). Modular design-based biosensors: a part in the merged system with the recognition element can interact with either the target bound (E) or the target-free state (F) so that when the target binds, the signal is transduced, Reproduced from Ref. [185] under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Differet categories of ECL systems. (A) Luminophore and co-reactant-involved reaction-based system; (B) co-reaction accelerator-involved reaction-mediated system; (C) resonance energy transfer (RET) reactions-incorporated system; and a (D) signal amplification method-incorporated system. Adapted from Ref. [209] under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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