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Review
. 2022 Sep 29:13:987919.
doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.987919. eCollection 2022.

The role of APC/C in cell cycle dynamics, growth and development in cereal crops

Perla Novais de Oliveira  1 , Luís Felipe Correa da Silva  1 , Nubia Barbosa Eloy  1
Affiliations
Review

The role of APC/C in cell cycle dynamics, growth and development in cereal crops

Perla Novais de Oliveira et al. Front Plant Sci. .

Abstract

Cereal crops can be considered the basis of human civilization. Thus, it is not surprising that these crops are grown in larger quantities worldwide than any other food supply and provide more energy to humankind than any other provision. Additionally, attempts to harness biomass consumption continue to increase to meet human energy needs. The high pressures for energy will determine the demand for crop plants as resources for biofuel, heat, and electricity. Thus, the search for plant traits associated with genetic increases in yield is mandatory. In multicellular organisms, including plants, growth and development are driven by cell division. These processes require a sequence of intricated events that are carried out by various protein complexes and molecules that act punctually throughout the cycle. Temporal controlled degradation of key cell division proteins ensures a correct onset of the different cell cycle phases and exit from the cell division program. Considering the cell cycle, the Anaphase-Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C) is an important conserved multi-subunit ubiquitin ligase, marking targets for degradation by the 26S proteasome. Studies on plant APC/C subunits and activators, mainly in the model plant Arabidopsis, revealed that they play a pivotal role in several developmental processes during growth. However, little is known about the role of APC/C in cereal crops. Here, we discuss the current understanding of the APC/C controlling cereal crop development.

Keywords: anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome; cell cycle; cereal crops; plant development; plant growth.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Ubiquitin-Proteasome System (UPS). The proteolysis in the UPS happens by sequential reactions catalyzed by three different enzymes. The process starts with the activation of the ubiquitin by the ubiquitin-activating enzyme (E1), using an ATP molecule (1). Next, the activated ubiquitin is transferred to the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2), which is responsible to interact with the ubiquitin ligase (E3) and conjugate the ubiquitin to the substrate that is recognized by the E3 (2). Plant genomes encode hundreds of E3 ligases (the main E3 ligases found in plants are represented in 3), that will target the different substrates, making them recognizable by the proteasome 26S, leading to the substrate degradation (5).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Relative expression profile of rice APC/C subunits and activators in different tissues. Expression analysis of genes from the APC/C subunits and activators in shoots and roots (5-day old seedlings) and in leaf sheath and blade (120-day old plants) of rice. Expression levels are normalized to root. Adapted from Lima et al., 2010.
Figure 3
Figure 3
APC/C plays an essential role in regulating the development of cereal crops. (A) A model showing the APC/CTE/TAD1 complex-mediated degradation of MOC1. Tiller Enhance (TE)/Tillering and Dwarf 1 (TAD1) act as activators of the Anaphase Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C) complex E3 ubiquitin ligase activity and targets MOC1 for degradation through interacting with the D-box by the ubiquitin–26S proteasome pathway, and consequently represses tillering. (B) A proposed model for APC/CTAD1-WL1-NAL1 module-mediated control of leaf width. TAD1 activates the APC/C E3 ubiquitin ligase activity and targets WIDE-LEAF 1 (WL1) for degradation. WL1 directly binds to the regulatory region of NARROW LEAF 1 (NAL1) and recruits the corepressor TOPLESS-RELATED PROTEIN (TPR) to inhibit NAL1 expression by down-regulating the level of histone acetylation of chromatin, and consequently, decreasing leaf width. Adapted from Lin et al., 2012 and Xu et al., 2012.
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