Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2022 Sep 16:10:1016833.
doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1016833. eCollection 2022.

Characteristics of culture-condition stimulated exosomes or their loaded hydrogels in comparison with other extracellular vesicles or MSC lysates

Yu Luo  1 , Zhihua Li  2 , Xinxin Wang  3 , Juan Wang  1 , Xingxiang Duan  1 , Ruohan Li  1 , Youjian Peng  1 , Qingsong Ye  1   2 , Yan He  3
Affiliations
Review

Characteristics of culture-condition stimulated exosomes or their loaded hydrogels in comparison with other extracellular vesicles or MSC lysates

Yu Luo et al. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. .

Abstract

Recently, it has become popular to study the use of extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by stem cells to repair damaged tissues or lost cells. Various cell types and physiological fluids release EVs, and they play an important role in cell-to-cell communication. Moreover, EVs have been implicated in important processes, such as immune responses, homeostasis maintenance, coagulation, inflammation, cancer progression, angiogenesis, and antigen presentation. Thus, EVs participate in both physiological and pathological progression. The main classes of EVs include exosomes, microvesicles (MVs), and apoptotic bodies (ApoBDs). Exosomes, which carry a mass of signal molecules such as RNA, DNA, proteins, and lipids, are the most important of these EVs subsets. Currently, exosomes are generating substantial interest in the scientific community. Exosomes loaded hydrogels or under different cultural environments exhibit different properties and functions. Therefore, the exosomes obtained from different sources and conditions are worth reviewing. More importantly, no review article has compared the different EVs, such as exosomes, MVs, ApoBDs, and mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) lysates, which are special soluble substances. The differentiation between EVs and MSC lysates is a logical approach. Accordingly, this review provides an update on the latest progress in studying the roles of culture-condition stimulated exosomes or their loaded hydrogels and the differentiation between exosomes, MVs, ApoBDs, and MSC lysates. Published studies were retrieved from the PubMed® database for review.

Keywords: apoptotic bodies; exosomes; exosomes loaded hydrogels; extracellular vesicles; mesenchymal stem cell lysates; microvesicles.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Mechanisms of secretion of EVs. (1) Nanovesicles (8–12 nm) have an unknown origin. (2) Exosomes (30–150 nm): After most endosomes mature to multivesicular bodies (MVBs) or late endosomes, their contents include RNAs, proteins, and lipids, the fusion of MVBs with the cell membrane triggers the release of ILVs as exosomes. (3) MVs (200–1,000 nm) result from the formation of buds containing cytoplasmic proteins, nucleic acids, and membrane proteins. (4) ApoBDs (1,000–5,000 nm) are generated by cell fragmentation when the cytoskeleton breaks at the beginning of apoptosis and can be subdivided into two groups: nuclear apoptotic bodies and cytoplasmic apoptotic bodies. (5) Large oncosomes (1–10 μm) result from budding from the plasma membrane.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Exosomes loaded hydrogels. (1) Hydrogels carried exosomes. (2) 3D bioprinting.
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Exosomes obtained under hypoxic culture. (1) Exosomes derived from MSC cultured in hypoxic conditions carry HIF-1α, VEGF-A, EGFR, and other materials into the recipient cell to promote the angiogenesis, proliferation, and migration of damaged tissues. (2) Exosomes derived from cancer cells cultured in hypoxic conditions carry miR-210, miR-135b, miR-155, and other RNA or proteins into recipient cells to promote angiogenesis, migration, cancer cell survival, and metastasis to distant nests. (3) Exosomes derived from immune cells cultured in hypoxic conditions have cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic effects and inhibit the proliferation and migration of tumor cells.
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
Exosomes obtained under three-dimensional (3D) Culture. (1) Exosomes extracted from MSC cultured in five-layer flasks. (2) Exosomes extracted from MSC cultured in a hollow fiber bioreactor.
FIGURE 5
FIGURE 5
Exosomes under oxidative stress. (1) Exosomes extracted from donor cells cultured under oxidative stress contain antioxidants that can promote angiogenesis, proliferation, and migration. (2) Exosomes extracted from donor cells cultured under oxidative stress contain oxidized molecules that lead to tissue damage and inflammation.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

See all "Cited by" articles

References

    1. Akers J. C., Gonda D., Kim R., Carter B. S., Chen C. C. (2013). Biogenesis of extracellular vesicles (EV): Exosomes, microvesicles, retrovirus-like vesicles, and apoptotic bodies. J. Neurooncol. 113 (1), 1–11. 10.1007/s11060-013-1084-8 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Albashari A., He Y., Zhang Y., Ali J., Lin F., Zheng Z., et al. (2020). Thermosensitive bFGF-modified hydrogel with dental pulp stem cells on neuroinflammation of spinal cord injury. ACS Omega 5 (26), 16064–16075. 10.1021/acsomega.0c01379 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Albersen M., Fandel T. M., Lin G., Wang G., Banie L., Lin C. S., et al. (2010). Injections of adipose tissue-derived stem cells and stem cell lysate improve recovery of erectile function in a rat model of cavernous nerve injury. J. Sex. Med. 7 (10), 3331–3340. 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.01875.x - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Anderson J. D., Johansson H. J., Graham C. S., Vesterlund M., Pham M. T., Bramlett C. S., et al. (2016). Comprehensive proteomic analysis of mesenchymal stem cell exosomes reveals modulation of angiogenesis via nuclear factor-KappaB signaling. Stem Cells 34 (3), 601–613. 10.1002/stem.2298 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Angelova P. R., Abramov A. Y. (2016). Functional role of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in physiology. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 100, 81–85. 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.06.005 - DOI - PubMed

LinkOut - more resources