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. 2022 Sep 7;23(18):10318.
doi: 10.3390/ijms231810318.

Hemodynamics and Tissue Optical Properties in Bimodal Infarctions Induced by Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion

Chun-Wei Wu  1 , Jia-Jin Chen  2 , Chou-Ching K Lin  3 , Chien-An Chen  2 , Chun-Ie Wu  2 , Ing-Shiou Hwang  4   5 , Tsung-Hsun Hsieh  6   7 , Bor-Shing Lin  8 , Chih-Wei Peng  1   9
Affiliations

Hemodynamics and Tissue Optical Properties in Bimodal Infarctions Induced by Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion

Chun-Wei Wu et al. Int J Mol Sci. .

Abstract

Various infarct sizes induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) generate inconsistent outcomes for stroke preclinical study. Monitoring cerebral hemodynamics may help to verify the outcome of MCAO. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in brain tissue optical properties by frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy (FD-NIRS), and establish the relationship between cerebral hemodynamics and infarct variation in MCAO model. The rats were undergone transient MCAO using intraluminal filament. The optical properties and hemodynamics were measured by placing the FD-NIRS probes on the scalp of the head before, during, and at various time-courses after MCAO. Bimodal infarction severities were observed after the same 90-min MCAO condition. Significant decreases in concentrations of oxygenated hemoglobin ([HbO]) and total hemoglobin ([HbT]), tissue oxygenation saturation (StO2), absorption coefficient (μa) at 830 nm, and reduced scattering coefficient (μs') at both 690 and 830 nm were detected during the occlusion in the severe infarction but not the mild one. Of note, the significant increases in [HbO], [HbT], StO2, and μa at both 690 and 830 nm were found on day 3; and increases in μs' at both 690 and 830 nm were found on day 2 and day 3 after MCAO, respectively. The interhemispheric correlation coefficient (IHCC) was computed from low-frequency hemodynamic oscillation of both hemispheres. Lower IHCCs standing for interhemispheric desynchronizations were found in both mild and severe infarction during occlusion, and only in severe infarction after reperfusion. Our finding supports that sequential FD-NIRS parameters may associated with the severity of the infarction in MCAO model, and the consequent pathologies such as vascular dysfunction and brain edema. Further study is required to validate the potential use of FD-NIRS as a monitor for MCAO verification.

Keywords: absorption; cerebral blood flow; cerebral hemodynamics; interhemispheric correlation coefficient; ischemic stroke; middle cerebral artery occlusion; near infrared spectroscopy; scattering.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Schematic presentation of the principles of the CW-NIRS, FD-NIRS, and TD-NIRS.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Ischemic lesion induced by MCAO model. (A) This shows 1% TTC staining of the brain slices collected on the third day after MCAO. The lesion appeared in white while the vital tissue was stained in red. The result shows two types of ischemic infarction: mild infarction (n = 14), rats with small-sized lesions mainly in subcortical tissue (left column of mild infarction), some involving small ventrolateral cortex (right column of mild infarction); severe infarction (n = 14), rats with large lesions covering major cortex and subcortical tissue. Minimum unit in scale bar: 1 mm. (B) Scatter plot showing distribution of infarct volume from two groups of MCAO rats partitioned using k-means clustering. Data are presented as means ± SD. (C). Tissue swelling of lesioned hemisphere from two groups was estimated from volumetric changes (%) between both hemispheres. Data are presented as means ± SD, * p < 0.05 using t-test.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Hemodynamic measurements at various time courses in MCAO model. (A) μa at 690 nm wavelength, (B) μa at 830 nm wavelength, (C) μs’ at 690 nm wavelength, (D) μs’ at 830 nm wavelength, (E) [HbO], (F) [HbR], (G) [HbT], and (H). StO2 measured for sham, mild, and severe infarctions. Data are presented as means ± SEM. n = 14 for each group. *: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.001, versus sham group; #: p < 0.05, ##: p < 0.01, ###: p < 0.001, versus mild infarction.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Interhemispheric correlation coefficients (IHCCs) measured at various time courses in MCAO model. Untransformed IHCCs calculated from [HbO] traces of both hemispheres are presented as means ± SEM; *: p < 0.01, **: p < 0.001, versus sham group; #: p < 0.01, versus mild infarction.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Experimental setup of bilateral FD-NIRS assessment of MCAO rat. (A) Schematic diagram showing optical probes arranged on rat’s head. Optical probes were positioned and firmly attached to the pre-shaved scalp. Each light source contains laser beams from 690 and 830 nm laser diodes. The relative positions of all the light sources and detectors are presented. (B) Scheme showing timeline of experimental design. FD-NIRS measurements were performed at the following time points: 15 min before surgery (pre), 15 min after MCAO was induced (occ), 15 min after reperfusion (post), and 1 day (d1), 2 days (d2), and 3 days (d3) after surgery.
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