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Review
. 2022 Aug 24;11(9):1637.
doi: 10.3390/antiox11091637.

Current Uncertainties and Future Challenges Regarding NAD+ Boosting Strategies

Borut Poljšak  1 , Vito Kovač  1 , Irina Milisav  2
Affiliations
Review

Current Uncertainties and Future Challenges Regarding NAD+ Boosting Strategies

Borut Poljšak et al. Antioxidants (Basel). .

Abstract

Precursors of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), modulators of enzymes of the NAD+ biosynthesis pathways and inhibitors of NAD+ consuming enzymes, are the main boosters of NAD+. Increasing public awareness and interest in anti-ageing strategies and health-promoting lifestyles have grown the interest in the use of NAD+ boosters as dietary supplements, both in scientific circles and among the general population. Here, we discuss the current trends in NAD+ precursor usage as well as the uncertainties in dosage, timing, safety, and side effects. There are many unknowns regarding pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, particularly bioavailability, metabolism, and tissue specificity of NAD+ boosters. Given the lack of long-term safety studies, there is a need for more clinical trials to determine the proper dose of NAD+ boosters and treatment duration for aging prevention and as disease therapy. Further research will also need to address the long-term consequences of increased NAD+ and the best approaches and combinations to increase NAD+ levels. The answers to the above questions will contribute to the more efficient and safer use of NAD+ boosters.

Keywords: NAD+ boosters; NAD+ precursors; nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+); safety; side effects.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Major NAD+ biosynthesis, consumption, and redox-cycling routes.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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