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Review
. 2022 Aug 19:13:966661.
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.966661. eCollection 2022.

Delineating the role of extracellular vesicles in cancer metastasis: A comprehensive review

Misba Majood  1 , Sonali Rawat  1 , Sujata Mohanty  1
Affiliations
Review

Delineating the role of extracellular vesicles in cancer metastasis: A comprehensive review

Misba Majood et al. Front Immunol. .

Abstract

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are subcellular messengers that aid in the formation and spread of cancer by enabling tumor-stroma communication. EVs develop from the very porous structure of late endosomes and hold information on both the intrinsic "status" of the cell and the extracellular signals absorbed by the cells from their surroundings. These EVs contain physiologically useful components, including as nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins, which have been found to activate important signaling pathways in tumor and tumor microenvironment (TME) cells, aggravating tumor growth. We highlight critical cell biology mechanisms that link EVS formation to cargo sorting in cancer cells in this review.Sorting out the signals that control EVs creation, cargo, and delivery will aid our understanding of carcinogenesis. Furthermore, we reviewed how cancer development and spreading behaviors are affected by coordinated communication between malignant and non-malignant cells. Herein, we studied the reciprocal exchanges via EVs in various cancer types. Further research into the pathophysiological functions of various EVs in tumor growth is likely to lead to the discovery of new biomarkers in liquid biopsy and the development of tumor-specific therapies.

Keywords: Carcinogenesis; Extracellular vesicles (EVs); biomarker; cargo sorting; liquid biopsy; tumor microenvironment (TME).

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The illustration shows the distinction between the premetastatic and malignant niches. Hypothesis for cancer metastasis based on the notion of the metastasome; changing the milieu of target locations to make them hospitable hosts for alien DTCs, hence forming a premetastatic niche; and contributing to the proliferation of altered cells.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The schematic diagram depicts the extracellular vesicles derived from tumor contain distinct protein cargo which promote tumor progression. Tumor-derived EVs carry a specific protein cargo that aids tumour development. Components in the cargo of TEX (tumor-derived sEVs) cause immune cells to fail in diverse ways, inhibiting the antitumor immune response. TEX initially interacts with immune cells via ligands or antigens that lymphocytes identify through corresponding receptors. TEX binds to the surface membrane before being absorbed into the cytoplasm through receptors.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The image shows the suppressive role of tumor derived EVs content (miRNA or protien) on immune cells. Tumor-derived EVs regulate and inhibit immune cells (T cells, NK cells, Dendritic cells, and macrophages).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Futuristic line of cancer treatment focusing on tumor microenvironment with/using modified mesenchymal stem cells.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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