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Review
. 2022 Jul 14;10(7):1124.
doi: 10.3390/vaccines10071124.

Nanoparticle- and Microparticle-Based Vaccines against Orbiviruses of Veterinary Importance

Luis Jiménez-Cabello  1   2 , Sergio Utrilla-Trigo  1 , Natalia Barreiro-Piñeiro  2 , Tomás Pose-Boirazian  2 , José Martínez-Costas  2 , Alejandro Marín-López  3 , Javier Ortego  1
Affiliations
Review

Nanoparticle- and Microparticle-Based Vaccines against Orbiviruses of Veterinary Importance

Luis Jiménez-Cabello et al. Vaccines (Basel). .

Abstract

Bluetongue virus (BTV) and African horse sickness virus (AHSV) are widespread arboviruses that cause important economic losses in the livestock and equine industries, respectively. In addition to these, another arthropod-transmitted orbivirus known as epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) entails a major threat as there is a conducive landscape that nurtures its emergence in non-endemic countries. To date, only vaccinations with live attenuated or inactivated vaccines permit the control of these three viral diseases, although important drawbacks, e.g., low safety profile and effectiveness, and lack of DIVA (differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals) properties, constrain their usage as prophylactic measures. Moreover, a substantial number of serotypes of BTV, AHSV and EHDV have been described, with poor induction of cross-protective immune responses among serotypes. In the context of next-generation vaccine development, antigen delivery systems based on nano- or microparticles have gathered significant attention during the last few decades. A diversity of technologies, such as virus-like particles or self-assembled protein complexes, have been implemented for vaccine design against these viruses. In this work, we offer a comprehensive review of the nano- and microparticulated vaccine candidates against these three relevant orbiviruses. Additionally, we also review an innovative technology for antigen delivery based on the avian reovirus nonstructural protein muNS and we explore the prospective functionality of the nonstructural protein NS1 nanotubules as a BTV-based delivery platform.

Keywords: African horse sickness; bluetongue; epizootic hemorrhagic disease; microcarrier; nanocarrier; orbivirus; reovirus; subunit vaccine.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
IC-Tagging methodology allows for incorporation of a given antigen into muNS particles. Bacterial expression leads to self-adjuvant epitope-loaded nanospheres of ~400 nm whereas baculovirus-based expression produces microspheres with diameters between 1-4 μm.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Nano- and microparticle delivery systems induce both humoral and cellular immune responses. (a) Particle uptake by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) is a crucial step for induction of potent immune responses. Depending on a variety of factors, nanoparticles can be internalized by APCs or directly reach lymphatic tissue through lymphatic vessels. Microparticles are phagocytosed by APCs. (b) After antigen presentation by APCs, CD4+ T cells differentiate into Th1, promoting the generation of cytotoxic and memory T cells by cross-presentation, or Th2, enhancing the differentiation of B cells into plasmatic or memory B cells. Nano- and microparticles can also promote T- and B-cell activation independent from Th cells.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Diagrammatic representation of a section of an orbivirus virion, a virus-like particle (VLP) and a core-like particle (CLP). 60 trimers of VP2 and 120 trimers of VP5 constitute the outer capsid of the virion. The core is composed of the intermediate protein layer, comprised of 260 trimers of VP7, and the inner capsid formed by 60 dimers of VP3. Inside the core, VP1, VP4 and VP6 constitute the RNA polymerase complex. VLPs lack genetic material as well as the RNA polymerase complex components. CLPs are protein assemblies just formed by VP7 and VP3.
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