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. 2022:1401:97-162.
doi: 10.1007/5584_2022_715.

Virus, Exosome, and MicroRNA: New Insights into Autophagy

Javid Sadri Nahand  1 , Arash Salmaninejad  2   3 , Samaneh Mollazadeh  4 , Seyed Saeed Tamehri Zadeh  5 , Mehdi Rezaee  6 , Amir Hossein Sheida  7   8 , Fatemeh Sadoughi  7   8 , Parisa Maleki Dana  7   8 , Mahdi Rafiyan  7   8 , Masoud Zamani  7   8 , Seyed Pouya Taghavi  7   8 , Fatemeh Dashti  7   8 , Seyed Mohammad Ali Mirazimi  7   8 , Hossein Bannazadeh Baghi  1   9 , Mohsen Moghoofei  10 , Mohammad Karimzadeh  11 , Massoud Vosough  12 , Hamed Mirzaei  13
Affiliations

Virus, Exosome, and MicroRNA: New Insights into Autophagy

Javid Sadri Nahand et al. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2022.

Abstract

Autophagy is known as a conserved self-eating mechanism that contributes to cells to degrade different intracellular components (i.e., macromolecular complexes, aggregated proteins, soluble proteins, organelles, and foreign bodies). Autophagy needs formation of a double-membrane structure, which is composed of the sequestered cytoplasmic contents, called autophagosome. There are a variety of internal and external factors involved in initiation and progression of autophagy process. Viruses as external factors are one of the particles that could be associated with different stages of this process. Viruses exert their functions via activation and/or inhibition of a wide range of cellular and molecular targets, which are involved in autophagy process. Besides viruses, a variety of cellular and molecular pathways that are activated and inhibited by several factors (e.g., genetics, epigenetics, and environment factors) are related to beginning and developing of autophagy mechanism. Exosomes and microRNAs have been emerged as novel and effective players anticipated in various stages of autophagy. More knowledge in these pathways and identification of accurate roles of them could help to provide better therapeutic approaches in several diseases such as cancer. We highlighted the roles of viruses, exosomes, and microRNAs in the autophagy processes.

Keywords: Autophagy; Cancer; Chemoresistance; Exosome; MicroRNA; Viral infection.

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