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Review
. 2022 Jun 9:9:858824.
doi: 10.3389/fmed.2022.858824. eCollection 2022.

The Therapeutic Role of ADSC-EVs in Skin Regeneration

Yixi Wang  1 , Lihui Cheng  2 , Hanxing Zhao  1 , Zhengyong Li  1 , Junjie Chen  1 , Ying Cen  1 , Zhenyu Zhang  1
Affiliations
Review

The Therapeutic Role of ADSC-EVs in Skin Regeneration

Yixi Wang et al. Front Med (Lausanne). .

Abstract

Large skin defects caused by burns, unhealing chronic wounds, and trauma, are still an intractable problem for clinicians and researchers. Ideal skin regeneration includes several intricate and dynamic stages of wound repair and regeneration of skin physiological function. Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs), a type of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with abundant resources and micro-invasive extraction protocols, have been reported to participate in each stage of promoting skin regeneration via paracrine effects. As essential products secreted by ADSCs, extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from ADSCs (ADSC-EVs) inherit such therapeutic potential. However, ADSC-EVs showed much more clinical superiorities than parental cells. ADSC-EVs carry various mRNAs, non-coding RNAs, proteins, and lipids to regulate the activities of recipient cells and eventually accelerate skin regeneration. The beneficial role of ADSCs in wound repair has been widely accepted, while a deep comprehension of the mechanisms of ADSC-EVs in skin regeneration remains unclear. In this review, we provided a basic profile of ADSC-EVs. Moreover, we summarized the latest mechanisms of ADSC-EVs on skin regeneration from the aspects of inflammation, angiogenesis, cell proliferation, extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, autophagy, and oxidative stress. Hair follicle regeneration and skin barrier repair stimulated by ADSC-EVs were also reviewed. The challenges and prospects of ADSC-EVs-based therapies were discussed at the end of this review.

Keywords: adipose-derived stem cells; extracellular vesicles; skin regeneration; stem cells therapy; wound healing.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The production, functions, and applications of ADSC-EVs. Culture medium of ADSCs was collected and processed to obtain ADSC-EVs. By accelerating wound healing and repairing skin function, ADSC-EVs promote skin regeneration. ADSC-EVs are promising for clinical applications as well.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Biogenesis of each subtype of EVs. Exosomes (<150 nm in size) originate from endosome. Microvesicles (up to 1,000 nm) generate from plasma membrane. Apoptotic bodies (more than 1,000 nm) are particles of apoptotic cells disassembly.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Common isolation strategies of EVs. (A) Differential ultracentrifugation (DC). (B) Density gradient centrifugation (DGC). (C) Ultrafiltration (UF). (D) Size exclusion chromatography (SEC). (E) Immunoaffinity capture (IC). (F) Polymer precipitation (PP).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Mechanisms of ADSC-EVs promoting skin regeneration. ADSC-EVs might accelerate skin wound repair by participate in inflammation, angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, regulating cell apoptosis and autophagy, and relieving oxidative stress in wound microenvironment. The regeneration of skin appendages and physiological functions are also promoted by ADSC-EVs.
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