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. 2022 Jun 12;12(6):770.
doi: 10.3390/brainsci12060770.

Homology Modelling, Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulation Studies of CALMH1 against Secondary Metabolites of Bauhinia variegata to Treat Alzheimer's Disease

Affiliations

Homology Modelling, Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulation Studies of CALMH1 against Secondary Metabolites of Bauhinia variegata to Treat Alzheimer's Disease

Noopur Khare et al. Brain Sci. .

Abstract

Calcium homeostasis modulator 1 (CALHM1) is a protein responsible for causing Alzheimer's disease. In the absence of an experimentally designed protein molecule, homology modelling was performed. Through homology modelling, different CALHM1 models were generated and validated through Rampage. To carry out further in silico studies, through molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation experiments, various flavonoids and alkaloids from Bauhinia variegata were utilised as inhibitors to target the protein (CALHM1). The sequence of CALHM1 was retrieved from UniProt and the secondary structure prediction of CALHM1 was done through CFSSP, GOR4, and SOPMA methods. The structure was identified through LOMETS, MUSTER, and MODELLER and finally, the structures were validated through Rampage. Bauhinia variegata plant was used to check the interaction of alkaloids and flavonoids against CALHM1. The protein and protein-ligand complex were also validated through molecular dynamics simulations studies. The model generated through MODELLER software with 6VAM A was used because this model predicted the best results in the Ramachandran plot. Further molecular docking was performed, quercetin was found to be the most appropriate candidate for the protein molecule with the minimum binding energy of -12.45 kcal/mol and their ADME properties were analysed through Molsoft and Molinspiration. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that CALHM1 and CALHM1-quercetin complex became stable at 2500 ps. It may be seen through the study that quercetin may act as a good inhibitor for treatment. With the help of an in silico study, it was easier to analyse the 3D structure of the protein, which may be scrutinized for the best-predicted model. Quercetin may work as a good inhibitor for treating Alzheimer's disease, according to in silico research using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations, and future in vitro and in vivo analysis may confirm its effectiveness.

Keywords: AutoDock vina; LOMETS; MUSTER; homology modelling; iGEMDOCK.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Protein sequence of CALHM1.
Figure 2
Figure 2
CFSSP result.
Figure 3
Figure 3
GOR4 result (dark blue is denoting alpha helix, light blue is denoting pi helix, dark pink is denoting beta bridge, red is denoting extended strands).
Figure 4
Figure 4
SOPMA result (dark blue is denoting alpha helix, green is denoting pi helix, dark pink is denoting beta bridge, red is denoting extended strands).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Best predicted model by MODELLER (6VAM A).
Figure 6
Figure 6
Best predicted model by MODELLER (6LMT A).
Figure 7
Figure 7
Best predicted model by LOMETS.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Best predicted model by MUSTER.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Ramachandran plots for (a) MODELLER (6VAM A); (b) MODELLER (6LMT A); (c) LO-ETS server; (d) MUSTER server.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Ramachandran plots for (a) MODELLER (6VAM A); (b) MODELLER (6LMT A); (c) LO-ETS server; (d) MUSTER server.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Ramachandran plots for (a) MODELLER (6VAM A); (b) MODELLER (6LMT A); (c) LO-ETS server; (d) MUSTER server.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Quality of the protein structure (ProSA Server).
Figure 11
Figure 11
Molecular docking analysis: (a) pose view of CALHM1 with betacarotene; (b) pose view of CALHM1 with betasitosterol; (c) pose view of CALHM1 with quercetin; (d) pose view of CALHM1 with stigmasterol; (e) pose view of CALHM1 with xanthophyll; (f) pose view of CALHM1 with dihydroquercetin.
Figure 11
Figure 11
Molecular docking analysis: (a) pose view of CALHM1 with betacarotene; (b) pose view of CALHM1 with betasitosterol; (c) pose view of CALHM1 with quercetin; (d) pose view of CALHM1 with stigmasterol; (e) pose view of CALHM1 with xanthophyll; (f) pose view of CALHM1 with dihydroquercetin.
Figure 12
Figure 12
CALHM1 docking and Ligplot interaction with quercetin. (a) The hydrogen bond distance between the docked ligand and the active site is shown; (b) a two-dimensional depiction of a ligand and a protein residue.
Figure 13
Figure 13
Time dependence of root mean square deviation. RMSD values for unliganded CALHM1 and CALHM1–quercetin complex.
Figure 14
Figure 14
Radius of gyration (Rg) during 10,000 ps of MD simulation of unliganded CALHM1 and CALHM1–quercetin complex.
Figure 15
Figure 15
Solvent accessible surface area (SASA) during 10,000 ps of MD simulation of unliganded CALHM1 and CALHM1–quercetin complex.
Figure 16
Figure 16
The RMSF values of unliganded CALHM1 and CALHM1–quercetin complex.

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Grants and funding

This research was funded by a Deanship of Scientific Research at Majmaah University under project no. R-2022-177.

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