Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2022 Jun 6:13:868094.
doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.868094. eCollection 2022.

Prevalence and Trends in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Among Women in the United States, 2006-2017: A Population-Based Study

Tao Zhou  1   2 , Shan Du  1 , Dianjianyi Sun  2   3 , Xiang Li  2 , Yoriko Heianza  2 , Gang Hu  4 , Litao Sun  1 , Xiaofang Pei  5 , Xiaoyun Shang  6 , Lu Qi  2   7   8
Affiliations

Prevalence and Trends in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Among Women in the United States, 2006-2017: A Population-Based Study

Tao Zhou et al. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). .

Abstract

The prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has increased with the increasing rate of obesity. However, national data on the prevalence and secular trends of GDM during the past decade in the United States are lacking. This study included 37,357 women aged more than 18 years and who had ever been pregnant from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). We examined GDM prevalence in 2006, 2016, and 2017, with age-standardized to the US population in 2000. We found that the prevalence of GDM per 100 people increased from 4.6 (95% CI, 4.1-5.1) in 2006 to 8.2 (95% CI, 7.5-8.9) in 2016 (test for difference; P <0.001), with a relatively increased rate of 78%. Non-Hispanic white women tended to have a lower increase (2.8%) than non-Hispanic black women (3.8%), Hispanic women (4.1%), and women of other race/ethnicity (8.4%). The prevalence of GDM in non-Hispanic white women was higher than that in non-Hispanic black women in 2006 (4.8% vs 3.5%, P = 0.006); such differences became non-significant in 2016 (P = 0.72). Additionally, the increase of GDM from 2006 to 2016 tended to be more evident among women who were overweight (25≤ BMI ≤30 kg/m2), physically inactive, and with family income below the poverty threshold than women in other BMI ranges, with more physical activity, and with higher incomes. The prevalence of GDM per 100 people in 2017 was 8.4 (7.6-9.2), and there was no significant change in the overall and subgroup prevalence compared with 2016. Collectively, in the United States, the prevalence of GDM continuously increased, nearly doubled, from 2006 to 2016, and then leveled off in 2017. The increase appeared more marked among the minority populations and subpopulations with overweight people, insufficient activity, and family incomes below the poverty threshold.

Keywords: National Health Interview Survey; gestational diabetes; prevalence; risk factors; trend.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Prevalence of Gestational diabetes mellitus in 2006, 2016, and 2017. Data of the current study were expressed as Estimate ± 95% confidence interval. GDM prevalence was calculated with age-standardized to the U.S. population in 2000. N = 12,728 in 2006, 13,612 in 2016, and 11,071 in 2017. aDate for comparisons were obtained from previous studies with the use of National Hospital Discharge Survey database1–2. Δ indicated absolute increase compared with the prevalence of last time period. 1. Getahun et al., Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008. 2. Lavery et al., BJOG An Int J Obstet Gynaecol. 2017.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Prevalence of Gestational diabetes mellitus in 2006 and 2016 by demographic variables. Data were expressed as Estimate ± 95% confidence interval. GDM prevalence was calculated with age-standardized to the U.S. population in 2000.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

See all "Cited by" articles

References

    1. Association AD . Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care (2014) 37:S81–90. doi: 10.2337/dc14-S081 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Group HSCR . Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes. N Engl J Med (2008) 358:1991–2002. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0707943 - DOI - PubMed
    1. The HAPO Study Cooperative Research Group . Associations With Neonatal Anthropometrics. Diabetes (2009) 58:453–9. doi: 10.2337/db08-1112 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Lowe LP, Coustan DR, Metzger BE, Hadden DR, Dyer AR, Hod M, et al. . Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) Study: Associations of Maternal A1C and Glucose With Pregnancy Outcomes. Diabetes Care (2012) 35:574–80. doi: 10.2337/dc11-1687 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. DeSisto CL, Kim SY, Sharma AJ. Prevalence Estimates of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in the United States, Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS), 2007-2010. Preventing chronic Dis (2014) 11:E104. doi: 10.5888/pcd11.130415 - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types