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Review
. 2022 Jun 13:17:11772719221105145.
doi: 10.1177/11772719221105145. eCollection 2022.

Progress Toward a Multiomic Understanding of Traumatic Brain Injury: A Review

Philip A Kocheril  1 , Shepard C Moore  1 , Kiersten D Lenz  1 , Harshini Mukundan  1 , Laura M Lilley  1
Affiliations
Review

Progress Toward a Multiomic Understanding of Traumatic Brain Injury: A Review

Philip A Kocheril et al. Biomark Insights. .

Abstract

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is not a single disease state but describes an array of conditions associated with insult or injury to the brain. While some individuals with TBI recover within a few days or months, others present with persistent symptoms that can cause disability, neuropsychological trauma, and even death. Understanding, diagnosing, and treating TBI is extremely complex for many reasons, including the variable biomechanics of head impact, differences in severity and location of injury, and individual patient characteristics. Because of these confounding factors, the development of reliable diagnostics and targeted treatments for brain injury remains elusive. We argue that the development of effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for TBI requires a deep understanding of human neurophysiology at the molecular level and that the framework of multiomics may provide some effective solutions for the diagnosis and treatment of this challenging condition. To this end, we present here a comprehensive review of TBI biomarker candidates from across the multiomic disciplines and compare them with known signatures associated with other neuropsychological conditions, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. We believe that this integrated view will facilitate a deeper understanding of the pathophysiology of TBI and its potential links to other neurological diseases.

Keywords: Traumatic brain injury; biomarker; metabolomics; multiomics; neurological disease; proteomics.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of Conflicting Interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Representation of the pathophysiological manifestations associated with primary (left) and secondary (right) phases of TBI. The primary phase is characterized by immediate disruption of the BBB, axonal shearing, and compaction that causes necrosis. The secondary phase is characterized by symptoms that can take hours or days to manifest, including edema and cardiac complications.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Schematic representation of multiomics, encompassing metabolomics, proteomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics, and genomics, as a unique tiered set of tools to understand TBI. The multiomic disciplines are organized in order of temporal response to a biochemical change from metabolomics (where the most immediate changes are observed) to genomics. Each branch of multiomics investigates different aspects of the central dogma of biology, providing an organized framework to examine the broad biochemical changes that occur in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. A holistic view of the multiomic changes that occur in TBI can provide insight the potential links between TBI and other neurological diseases.
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