Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2022 May;64(3):588-598.
doi: 10.5187/jast.2022.e30. Epub 2022 May 31.

Evaluation of concurrent vaccinations with recombinant canarypox equine influenza virus and inactivated equine herpesvirus vaccines

Dong-Ha Lee  1 , Eun-Bee Lee  2 , Jong-Pil Seo  2 , Eun-Ju Ko  1
Affiliations

Evaluation of concurrent vaccinations with recombinant canarypox equine influenza virus and inactivated equine herpesvirus vaccines

Dong-Ha Lee et al. J Anim Sci Technol. 2022 May.

Abstract

Despite vaccination, equine influenza virus (EIV) and equine herpesvirus (EHV) infections still cause highly contagious respiratory diseases in horses. Recently, concurrent vaccination with EIV and EHV was suggested as a new approach; however, there have been no reports of concurrent vaccination with recombinant canarypox EIV and inactivated EHV vaccines. In this study, we aimed to compare the EIV-specific immune responses induced by concurrent administrations of a recombinant canarypox EIV vaccine and an inactivated bivalent EHV vaccine with those induced by a single recombinant canarypox EIV vaccine in experimental horse and mouse models. Serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were collected from immunized animals after vaccination. EIV-specific serum antibody levels, serum hemagglutinin inhibition (HI) titers, and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, HI assay, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Concurrent EIV and EHV vaccine administration significantly increased IFN-γ production, without compromising humoral responses. Our data demonstrate that concurrent vaccination with EIV and EHV vaccines can enhance EIV-specific cellular responses in horses.

Keywords: Concurrent vaccination; Equine herpes virus; Equine influenza virus; Immune response.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Figures

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1.. (A-B) Timeline of immunization and blood sample collection of horses and mice.
Arrows denote sampling time points. (A) Blood samples were collected on the day of immunization (day 0) and days 7, 14, 28, and 140 post immunization in horses. (B) Blood samples were collected on the days 21, 35, and 56 post prime immunization in mice. PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 2.. Equine mean serum IgG levels after vaccination.
(A–F) EIV-specific serum IgG antibodies were quantified by ELISA. The sera were collected on the day of vaccination (A) and day 7 (B), day 14 (C), day 28 (D), and day 140 (E) post-vaccination. (F) Mean serum IgG level from the day of vaccination to day 140 post-vaccination. IgG, immunoglobulin G; EIV, equine influenza virus; EHV, equine herpesvirus; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 3.. Murine mean serum IgG levels after vaccination and virus challenge.
(A–C) EIV-specific serum IgG antibodies were quantified by ELISA. The sera were collected on day 21 (A), day 35 (B), and day 56 (C) post prime vaccination. OD, optical density; EIV, equine influenza virus; EHV, equine herpesvirus; IgG, immunoglobulin G; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
Fig. 4.
Fig. 4.. Mean HI titers against A/eq/Miami/1/63 (H3N8) after vaccination.
The sera were collected on the day of vaccination and at day 7, 14, 28, and 140 post-vaccination in horses. HI, hemagglutinin inhibition, EIV, equine influenza virus; EHV, equine herpesvirus.
Fig. 5.
Fig. 5.. Mean HI titers against A/eq/Miami/1/63 (H3N8) after vaccination and virus challenge.
The sera were collected on the day 21, 35, and 56 post prime vaccination in mice. HI, hemagglutinin inhibition, EIV, equine influenza virus; EHV, equine herpesvirus.
Fig. 6.
Fig. 6.. EIV vaccine-induced IFN-γ response following the EIV (n=5) or concurrent EIV+EHV vaccination (n=7) in horses.
PBMCs were isolated from blood on day of vaccination and days 7 and 14 post-vaccination. Relative quantification of cytokine IFN-γ mRNA from each sample was measured by qPCR. For statistical analysis, two-way analysis of variance test was performed. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01; and ***p < 0.001 between the indicated groups. IFN-γ, interferon-gamma; EIV, equine influenza virus; EHV, equine herpesvirus; PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

References

    1. Pavulraj S, Bergmann T, Trombetta CM, Marchi S, Montomoli E, Sefiane S, et al. Immunogenicity of Calvenza-03 EIV/EHV® vaccine in horses : comparative in vivo study. Vaccines. 2021;9:166. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9020166. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Heldens JGM, Van De Wouw JCA, Van Loon AAWM. An updated equine influenza vaccine and an equine influenza-herpesvirus combination vaccine containing an immunostim adjuvant provoke equal antibody levels in young foals throughout the primary vaccination course. Vet J. 2002;164:288–91. doi: 10.1053/tvjl.2002.0712. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Pavulraj S, Bera BC, Joshi A, Anand T, Virmani M, Vaid RK, et al. Pathology of equine influenza virus (H3N8) in murine model. PLOS ONE. 2015;10:e0143094. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143094. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. OIE World Organisation for Animal Health . OIE Terrestrial Manual 2019. Paris: OIE World Organisation for Animal Health; 2019. Equine influenza (infection with equine influenza virus)
    1. Paillot R. A systematic review of recent advances in equine influenza vaccination. Vaccines. 2014;2:797–831. doi: 10.3390/vaccines2040797. - DOI - PMC - PubMed