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. 2022 Jun 25:622:121893.
doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121893. Epub 2022 Jun 6.

Insights into innovative therapeutics for drug-resistant tuberculosis: Host-directed therapy and autophagy inducing modified nanoparticles

Leon J Khoza  1 , Pradeep Kumar  1 , Admire Dube  2 , Patrick H Demana  3 , Yahya E Choonara  4
Affiliations

Insights into innovative therapeutics for drug-resistant tuberculosis: Host-directed therapy and autophagy inducing modified nanoparticles

Leon J Khoza et al. Int J Pharm. .
No abstract available

Keywords: Alveolar macrophages; Autophagy induction; Host-directed therapy; Innate immunity; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Nanoparticles.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Figures

None
Graphical abstract
Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Summarises macrophage polarisation to produce distinct functional phenotypes as a reaction to specific microenvironmental stimuli and signals.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Normal process of autophagy where Mtb is digested and cleared. However, Mtb evades this response by blocking maturation (ii), phagolysosome fusion (iii), acidification of the phagosomes (iv) and antigen presentation (Reprinted from Carranza and Chavez-Galan, 2019 with permission).
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Induction of autophagy by Vitamin D3 and its metabolites (Reprinted from Hewison, 2011 with permission).
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Different types of the most common nanostructures used as drug delivery systems (Reprinted from Dahanayake and Jayasundera, 2021 with permission).
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Results from Dube et al., 2014 showing concentrations of (A) TNF-α, (B) IFN-γ and (C) IL-12p70 in ALM supernatants in different groups after 2 and 24 h. (Reprinted from Dube et., 2014, with permission).
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
Results from Dube et al., 2014 showing total ROS/RNS generated after six hours of incubation of ALM with free drug solution (RIF), CS-PLGA, and Glu-CS-PLGA nanoparticles (Reprinted from Dube et al., 2014, with permission).
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
Different routes of nanoparticles administration targeting the host and granuloma (Reprinted from Baranyai et al., 2020, with permission).
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