Cancer cervix: Epidemiology and disease burden
- PMID: 35510109
- PMCID: PMC9063649
- DOI: 10.25259/CMAS_03_02_2021
Cancer cervix: Epidemiology and disease burden
Abstract
Cervical cancer remains a major public health problem, ranking as the fourth most common cause of cancer incidence and mortality in women worldwide. Wide variations in cervical cancer incidence and mortality were observed with highest incidence rates in Sub Saharan Africa and with 85% of deaths occurring in developing regions of the world. Non-existent or inadequate screening in public health care settings and limited access to the standard treatment options explains the large geographic variation in cervical cancer rates. Persistent infection with high-risk Human papillomavirus (HPV) types is the major risk factor for cervical cancer. High parity, long-term use of oral contraceptive pills, tobacco consumption, co-infection with other sexually transmitted agents, lifestyle factors such as multiple sexual partners, younger age at first sexual intercourse, immunosuppression, and diet have been identified as the co-factors most likely to influence the risk of acquisition of HPV infection and its further progress to cervical carcinogenesis. Differential screening rates and changes in epidemiological patterns have contributed to decreasing trends in cervical cancer in some developed regions of the world. Lower rates were also observed in North Africa and the Middle East, which may be attributed to cultural norms and conservative sexual behaviors. Across world regions, HPV prevalence was highest in women younger than 35 years of age, declining to a plateau in middle age and showed significant association between national age standardized incidence rates and corresponding estimates of HPV prevalence. The five most common HPV types in HPV-positive women worldwide were HPV16, HPV18, HPV31, HPV58, and HPV52, representing 50% of all HPV infections with HPV-16 and HPV-18 infections accounting for about 70% of the total infection burden. Tracking changing trends in the cervical cancer epidemiological patterns including HPV genotypes will immensely contribute toward effective prevention and control measures for cervical cancer elimination.
Keywords: Cervical cancer; Epidemiology; HPV genotypes; High-risk human papillomavirus.
© 2022 Cytopathology Foundation Inc, Published by Scientific Scholar.
Similar articles
-
Global burden of human papillomavirus and related diseases.Vaccine. 2012 Nov 20;30 Suppl 5:F12-23. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.07.055. Vaccine. 2012. PMID: 23199955 Review.
-
The burden of human papillomavirus infections and related diseases in sub-saharan Africa.Vaccine. 2013 Dec 29;31 Suppl 5(0 5):F32-46. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.07.092. Vaccine. 2013. PMID: 24331746 Free PMC article. Review.
-
Prevalence of human papillomavirus among STD clinic attenders in Jamaica: association of younger age and increased sexual activity.Sex Transm Dis. 1995 Mar-Apr;22(2):114-8. doi: 10.1097/00007435-199503000-00007. Sex Transm Dis. 1995. PMID: 7624812
-
Epidemiological patterns of cervical human papillomavirus infection among women presenting for cervical cancer screening in North-Eastern Nigeria.Infect Agent Cancer. 2015 Oct 2;10:39. doi: 10.1186/s13027-015-0035-8. eCollection 2015. Infect Agent Cancer. 2015. PMID: 26435733 Free PMC article.
-
Epidemiological study of HPV infection in 40,693 women in Putian: a population study based on screening for high-risk HPV infection.BMC Infect Dis. 2022 Nov 28;22(1):893. doi: 10.1186/s12879-022-07893-3. BMC Infect Dis. 2022. PMID: 36443703 Free PMC article.
Cited by
-
Religious beliefs and practices toward HPV vaccine acceptance in Islamic countries: A scoping review.PLoS One. 2024 Aug 29;19(8):e0309597. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0309597. eCollection 2024. PLoS One. 2024. PMID: 39208300 Free PMC article. Review.
-
Cancer and the Microbiome of the Human Body.Nutrients. 2024 Aug 21;16(16):2790. doi: 10.3390/nu16162790. Nutrients. 2024. PMID: 39203926 Free PMC article. Review.
-
Development of human papillomavirus and its detection methods (Review).Exp Ther Med. 2024 Jul 31;28(4):382. doi: 10.3892/etm.2024.12671. eCollection 2024 Oct. Exp Ther Med. 2024. PMID: 39161614 Free PMC article. Review.
-
Uncommon high distribution of HPV-16, HPV-54, and HPV-56 in female referred to a laboratory in Karaj, Iran: indications of a paradigm shift in HPV genotypes?Virol J. 2024 Aug 9;21(1):182. doi: 10.1186/s12985-024-02457-0. Virol J. 2024. PMID: 39123176 Free PMC article.
-
The Rare Condition of a Double Cervix: Results from the High-Risk Human Papillomavirus-Based Cervical Cancer Screening Program in the Lazio Region.Viruses. 2024 Jul 17;16(7):1149. doi: 10.3390/v16071149. Viruses. 2024. PMID: 39066311 Free PMC article.
References
-
- Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, et al. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2013. GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.0, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC Cancer Base No. 11.
-
- Schiffman M, Castle PE, Jeronimo J, Rodriguez AC, Wacholder S. Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer. Lancet. 2007;370:890–907. - PubMed
Publication types
LinkOut - more resources
Full Text Sources