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Review
. 2022 Apr 18:2022:9605439.
doi: 10.1155/2022/9605439. eCollection 2022.

Global Increase in Breast Cancer Incidence: Risk Factors and Preventive Measures

Dharambir Kashyap  1 , Deeksha Pal  2 , Riya Sharma  3 , Vivek Kumar Garg  4 , Neelam Goel  5 , Deepika Koundal  6 , Atef Zaguia  7 , Shubham Koundal  4 , Assaye Belay  8
Affiliations
Review

Global Increase in Breast Cancer Incidence: Risk Factors and Preventive Measures

Dharambir Kashyap et al. Biomed Res Int. .

Retraction in

Abstract

Breast cancer is a global cause for concern owing to its high incidence around the world. The alarming increase in breast cancer cases emphasizes the management of disease at multiple levels. The management should start from the beginning that includes stringent cancer screening or cancer registry to effective diagnostic and treatment strategies. Breast cancer is highly heterogeneous at morphology as well as molecular levels and needs different therapeutic regimens based on the molecular subtype. Breast cancer patients with respective subtype have different clinical outcome prognoses. Breast cancer heterogeneity emphasizes the advanced molecular testing that will help on-time diagnosis and improved survival. Emerging fields such as liquid biopsy and artificial intelligence would help to under the complexity of breast cancer disease and decide the therapeutic regimen that helps in breast cancer management. In this review, we have discussed various risk factors and advanced technology available for breast cancer diagnosis to combat the worst breast cancer status and areas that need to be focused for the better management of breast cancer.

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Conflict of interest statement

All authors have declared no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Schematic representation of (a) histopathological classification, (b) molecular classification, and (c) time line showing important events during understanding of breast cancer biology.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Schematic representation of breast cancer risk factors.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Distribution of cancer incidence and mortality among different types of cancer
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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