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Review
. 2022 Apr 12;23(8):4256.
doi: 10.3390/ijms23084256.

The Role of Metalloproteinases and Their Tissue Inhibitors on Ocular Diseases: Focusing on Potential Mechanisms

Miłosz Caban  1 , Katarzyna Owczarek  1 , Urszula Lewandowska  1
Affiliations
Review

The Role of Metalloproteinases and Their Tissue Inhibitors on Ocular Diseases: Focusing on Potential Mechanisms

Miłosz Caban et al. Int J Mol Sci. .

Abstract

Eye diseases are associated with visual impairment, reduced quality of life, and may even lead to vision loss. The efficacy of available treatment of eye diseases is not satisfactory. The unique environment of the eye related to anatomical and physiological barriers and constraints limits the bioavailability of existing agents. In turn, complex ethiopathogenesis of ocular disorders that used drugs generally are non-disease specific and do not act causally. Therefore, there is a need for the development of a new therapeutic and preventive approach. It seems that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) have a significant role in the development and progression of eye diseases and could be used in the therapy of these disorders as pharmacological targets. MMPs and TIMPs play an important role in the angiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cell invasion, and migration, which occur in ocular diseases. In this review, we aim to describe the participation of MMPs and TIMPs in the eye diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration, cataract, diabetic retinopathy, dry eye syndrome, glaucoma, and ocular cancers, posterior capsule opacification focusing on potential mechanisms.

Keywords: gelatinases; matrix metalloproteinases; metalloproteinases; ocular diseases; tissue inhibitor of matrix.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Physiological and pathophysiological processes regulated by MMPs.
Figure 2
Figure 2
A schematic diagram showing molecular mechanisms involved in stimulation of the MMPs expression and effects being results of the MMPs action in the eye diseases. Akt—protein kinase B; COX-2—cyclooxygenase-2; ECM—extracellular matrix; EMT—epithelial-mesenchymal transition; ERK—extracellular-signal-regulated kinase; HIF1α—hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha; iNOS—inducible nitric oxide synthase; IOP—intraocular pressure; JNK—c-Jun N-terminal kinase; MEK—mitogen-activated protein kinase; mTOR—mechanistic target of rapamycin; NF-κB—nuclear factor-kappa B; PI3K—phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; p38 MAPK—p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase; Ras—rat sarcoma; subfamily of small GTPases; ROS—reactive oxygen species; TGF-β—transforming growth factor-beta; TNF-α—tumor necrosis factor-alpha; UV—ultraviolet; VEGF—vascular endothelial growth factor.
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