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Review
. 2022 Mar 22;15(4):386.
doi: 10.3390/ph15040386.

Lineage Differentiation Potential of Different Sources of Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Osteoarthritis Knee

Gollahalli Shivashankar Prajwal  1   2   3 , Naveen Jeyaraman  1   2   4 , Krishna Kanth V  5 , Madhan Jeyaraman  2   6   7   8 , Sathish Muthu  2   5   6   8 , Sree Naga Sowndary Rajendran  9 , Ramya Lakshmi Rajendran  10 , Manish Khanna  2   11   12 , Eun Jung Oh  13 , Kang Young Choi  13 , Ho Yun Chung  13   14 , Byeong-Cheol Ahn  10   14 , Prakash Gangadaran  10   14
Affiliations
Review

Lineage Differentiation Potential of Different Sources of Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Osteoarthritis Knee

Gollahalli Shivashankar Prajwal et al. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). .

Abstract

Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM) have paved a way for treating musculoskeletal diseases in a minimally invasive manner. The regenerative medicine cocktail involves the usage of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs), either uncultured or culture-expanded cells along with growth factors, cytokines, exosomes, and secretomes to provide a better regenerative milieu in degenerative diseases. The successful regeneration of cartilage depends on the selection of the appropriate source of MSCs, the quality, quantity, and frequency of MSCs to be injected, and the selection of the patient at an appropriate stage of the disease. However, confirmation on the most favorable source of MSCs remains uncertain to clinicians. The lack of knowledge in the current cellular treatment is uncertain in terms of how beneficial MSCs are in the long-term or short-term (resolution of pain) and improved quality of life. Whether MSCs treatments have any superiority, exists due to sources of MSCs utilized in their potential to objectively regenerate the cartilage at the target area. Many questions on source and condition remain unanswered. Hence, in this review, we discuss the lineage differentiation potentials of various sources of MSCs used in the management of knee osteoarthritis and emphasize the role of tissue engineering in cartilage regeneration.

Keywords: cartilage; chondrogenesis; mesenchymal stem cells; osteoarthritis; tissue engineering.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors have declared that no competing interest exists.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The trilineage differentiation potential of MSCs is characterized by CD45− CD31− Sca-1+ CD24+. The MSCs give rise to osteochondrogenic progenitors that are characterized by CD45− CD31− Sca-1– PDGFR-α+ and adipogenic progenitors characterized by CD45− CD31− Sca-1+ CD24−. The osteochondrogenic progenitors differentiate into chondrocytes and osteoblasts, while adipogenic progenitors differentiate into CD45− CD31− Sca-1− Zfp423+ pre-adipocytes, which leads to adipocytes differentiation [25]. Created with BioRender.com (accessed on 20 December 2021).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Lineage manipulation of different sources of MSCs with biochemical stimulation using mediators, such as IGF, FGF, TGF-β, BMP, Loxl2, c-ABCs, and biomechanical stimulations, such as compressive, tensile, or shear loading, along with the necessary hydrostatic pressure results in the formation of the chondrocyte tissue complex. The chondrocyte complex is further subjected to environmental preconditioning using chemokines, such as IL-1, to sensitize them to the target milieu when delivered with or without supporting scaffold, resulting in the formation of the tissue-engineered articular cartilage. Created with BioRender.com (accessed on 20 December 2021).
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