Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Randomized Controlled Trial
. 2022 Oct 29;75(9):1594-1601.
doi: 10.1093/cid/ciac208.

Randomized Clinical Trial of High-Dose Rifampicin With or Without Levofloxacin Versus Standard of Care for Pediatric Tuberculous Meningitis: The TBM-KIDS Trial

Mandar S Paradkar  1   2 , Bella Devaleenal D  3 , Tisungane Mvalo  4   5 , Ana Arenivas  6 , Kiran T Thakur  7 , Lisa Wolf  8 , Smita Nimkar  1   2 , Sadaf Inamdar  1   2 , Prathiksha Giridharan  3 , Elilarasi Selladurai  9 , Aarti Kinikar  1   10 , Chhaya Valvi  1   10 , Saltanat Khwaja  1   2 , Daphne Gadama  4 , Sarath Balaji  3 , Krishna Yadav Kattagoni  3 , Mythily Venkatesan  3 , Radojka Savic  11 , Soumya Swaminathan  12 , Amita Gupta  8 , Nikhil Gupte  1   2   8 , Vidya Mave  1   2   8 , Kelly E Dooley  8 ; TuBerculous Meningitis in Kids (TBM-KIDS) Study Team
Collaborators, Affiliations
Randomized Controlled Trial

Randomized Clinical Trial of High-Dose Rifampicin With or Without Levofloxacin Versus Standard of Care for Pediatric Tuberculous Meningitis: The TBM-KIDS Trial

Mandar S Paradkar et al. Clin Infect Dis. .

Abstract

Background: Pediatric tuberculous meningitis (TBM) commonly causes death or disability. In adults, high-dose rifampicin may reduce mortality. The role of fluoroquinolones remains unclear. There have been no antimicrobial treatment trials for pediatric TBM.

Methods: TBM-KIDS was a phase 2 open-label randomized trial among children with TBM in India and Malawi. Participants received isoniazid and pyrazinamide plus: (i) high-dose rifampicin (30 mg/kg) and ethambutol (R30HZE, arm 1); (ii) high-dose rifampicin and levofloxacin (R30HZL, arm 2); or (iii) standard-dose rifampicin and ethambutol (R15HZE, arm 3) for 8 weeks, followed by 10 months of standard treatment. Functional and neurocognitive outcomes were measured longitudinally using Modified Rankin Scale (MRS) and Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL).

Results: Of 2487 children prescreened, 79 were screened and 37 enrolled. Median age was 72 months; 49%, 43%, and 8% had stage I, II, and III disease, respectively. Grade 3 or higher adverse events occurred in 58%, 55%, and 36% of children in arms 1, 2, and 3, with 1 death (arm 1) and 6 early treatment discontinuations (4 in arm 1, 1 each in arms 2 and 3). By week 8, all children recovered to MRS score of 0 or 1. Average MSEL scores were significantly better in arm 1 than arm 3 in fine motor, receptive language, and expressive language domains (P < .01).

Conclusions: In a pediatric TBM trial, functional outcomes were excellent overall. The trend toward higher frequency of adverse events but better neurocognitive outcomes in children receiving high-dose rifampicin requires confirmation in a larger trial.

Clinical trials registration: NCT02958709.

Keywords: clinical trial; high-dose rifampicin; levofloxacin; neuropsychological; pediatric tuberculous meningitis.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Potential conflicts of interest. A. G. reports funding received by her institution outside the scope of this work from NIH, Unitaid, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and various foundations (Wyncote, Ujala, Todi); participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board for the NIH/NIAID Advisory Council and Indo US Science Technology Governing Board; and a leadership or fiduciary role on the IMPAACT Network TB Scientific Committee and the World Health Organization (WHO) multidrug-resistant tuberculosis guidelines committee. D. B. D., K. Y. K., M. V., P. G., and S. B. report support outside the scope of this work given to the ICMR-NIRT for the TBM-KIDS trial by the NICHD and funded through John Hopkins University. K. T. T. reports grants or contracts (NIH, CDC), outside the scope of this work, and consulting fees from WHO. All other authors report no potential conflicts. All authors have submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest. Conflicts that the editors consider relevant to the content of the manuscript have been disclosed.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) diagram. Abbreviations: ART, antiretroviral therapy; ATT, antitubercular treatment; CT, computed tomography; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; LP, lumbar puncture; TB, tuberculosis.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Modified Rankin Score, over time, with treatment, by arm. Abbreviations: R15HZE, standard-dose rifampicin (15 mg/kg/day), isoniazid, pyrazinamide, ethambutol; R30HZE, high-dose rifampicin (30 mg/kg/day), isoniazid, pyrazinamide, ethambutol; R30HZL, high-dose rifampicin (30 mg/kg/day), isoniazid, pyrazinamide, levofloxacin.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

  • Rifampicin and protein concentrations in paired spinal versus ventricular cerebrospinal fluid samples of children with tuberculous meningitis.
    Combrinck J, Tshavhungwe P, Rohlwink U, Enslin N, Thango N, Lazarus J, Kriegler K, Castel S, Abdelgawad N, Mcilleron H, Denti P, Wiesner L, Figaji A. Combrinck J, et al. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2024 Feb 1;79(2):280-286. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkad371. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2024. PMID: 38101948 Free PMC article.
  • Prenatal cannabinoid exposure and early language development.
    Talavera-Barber MM, Morehead E, Ziegler K, Hockett C, Elliott AJ. Talavera-Barber MM, et al. Front Pediatr. 2023 Nov 22;11:1290707. doi: 10.3389/fped.2023.1290707. eCollection 2023. Front Pediatr. 2023. PMID: 38078314 Free PMC article.
  • Advancing Diagnosis and Treatment in People Living with HIV and Tuberculosis Meningitis.
    Kimuda S, Kasozi D, Namombwe S, Gakuru J, Mugabi T, Kagimu E, Rutakingirwa MK, Leon KE, Chow F, Wasserman S, Boulware DR, Cresswell FV, Bahr NC. Kimuda S, et al. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2023 Dec;20(6):379-393. doi: 10.1007/s11904-023-00678-6. Epub 2023 Nov 10. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2023. PMID: 37947980 Free PMC article. Review.
  • Twice-Daily Dosing of Dolutegravir in Infants on Rifampicin Treatment: A Pharmacokinetic Substudy of the EMPIRICAL Trial.
    Jacobs TG, Mumbiro V, Cassia U, Zimba K, Nalwanga D, Ballesteros A, Domínguez-Rodríguez S, Tagarro A, Madrid L, Mutata C, Chitsamatanga M, Bwakura-Dangarembizi M, Passanduca A, Buck WC, Nduna B, Chabala C, Najjingo E, Musiime V, Moraleda C, Colbers A, Mujuru HA, Rojo P, Burger DM; EMPIRICAL Clinical Trial Group. Jacobs TG, et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2024 Mar 20;78(3):702-710. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciad656. Clin Infect Dis. 2024. PMID: 37882611 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
  • Clinical standards for drug-susceptible TB in children and adolescents.
    Chiang SS, Graham SM, Schaaf HS, Marais BJ, Sant'Anna CC, Sharma S, Starke JR, Triasih R, Achar J, Amanullah F, Armitage LY, Aurilio RB, Buck WC, Centis R, Chabala C, Cruz AT, Demers AM, du Preez K, Enimil A, Furin J, Garcia-Prats AJ, Gonzalez NE, Hoddinott G, Isaakidis P, Jaganath D, Kabra SK, Kampmann B, Kay A, Kitai I, Lopez-Varela E, Maleche-Obimbo E, Malaspina FM, Velásquez JN, Nuttall JJC, Oliwa JN, Andrade IO, Perez-Velez CM, Rabie H, Seddon JA, Sekadde MP, Shen A, Skrahina A, Soriano-Arandes A, Steenhoff AP, Tebruegge M, Tovar MA, Tsogt B, van der Zalm MM, Welch H, Migliori GB. Chiang SS, et al. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2023 Aug 1;27(8):584-598. doi: 10.5588/ijtld.23.0085. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2023. PMID: 37491754 Free PMC article.
See all "Cited by" articles

References

    1. Wilkinson RJ, Rohlwink U, Misra UK, et al. . Tuberculous meningitis. Nat Rev Neurol 2017; 13:581–98. - PubMed
    1. Marais BJ, Schaaf HS.. Tuberculosis in children. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 4:a017855. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Wolzak NK, Cooke ML, Orth H, van Toorn R.. The changing profile of pediatric meningitis at a referral centre in Cape Town, South Africa. J Trop Pediatr 2012; 58:491–5. - PubMed
    1. Rock RB, Olin M, Baker CA, et al. . Central nervous system tuberculosis: pathogenesis and clinical aspects. Clin Microbiol Rev 2008; 21:243–61, table of contents. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Tucker EW, Pokkali S, Zhang Z, et al. . Microglia activation in a pediatric rabbit model of tuberculous meningitis. Dis Models Mech 2016; 9:1497–506. - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

Associated data