Congenital Zika Syndrome: Genetic Avenues for Diagnosis and Therapy, Possible Management and Long-Term Outcomes

doi:10.3390/jcm11051351

Review

. 2022 Mar 1;11(5):1351.

doi: 10.3390/jcm11051351.

Congenital Zika Syndrome: Genetic Avenues for Diagnosis and Therapy, Possible Management and Long-Term Outcomes

Affiliations

¹ Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Villa Sofia Cervello Hospital IVF UNIT, University of Palermo, 90146 Palermo, Italy.
² School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy.
³ Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy.
⁴ Department of Women's and Children's Health, Padova Hospital, 35128 Padova, Italy.
⁵ Department of Women's and Children's Health, Gynaecological Clinic, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy.
⁶ Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Santo Stefano Hospital, ULS Toscana Centro, 59100 Rome, Italy.
⁷ Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Sant'Eugenio Hospital, 00144 Rome, Italy.
⁸ Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Filippo Del Ponte" Hospital, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy.
⁹ Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.

PMID: 35268441
PMCID: PMC8911172
DOI: 10.3390/jcm11051351

Review

Congenital Zika Syndrome: Genetic Avenues for Diagnosis and Therapy, Possible Management and Long-Term Outcomes

Giuseppe Gullo et al. J Clin Med. 2022.

. 2022 Mar 1;11(5):1351.

doi: 10.3390/jcm11051351.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Villa Sofia Cervello Hospital IVF UNIT, University of Palermo, 90146 Palermo, Italy.
² School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy.
³ Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy.
⁴ Department of Women's and Children's Health, Padova Hospital, 35128 Padova, Italy.
⁵ Department of Women's and Children's Health, Gynaecological Clinic, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy.
⁶ Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Santo Stefano Hospital, ULS Toscana Centro, 59100 Rome, Italy.
⁷ Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Sant'Eugenio Hospital, 00144 Rome, Italy.
⁸ Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Filippo Del Ponte" Hospital, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy.
⁹ Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.

PMID: 35268441
PMCID: PMC8911172
DOI: 10.3390/jcm11051351

Abstract

Zika virus (ZIKV) was discovered in Uganda in 1947 and was originally isolated only in Africa and Asia. After a spike of microcephaly cases in Brazil, research has closely focused on different aspects of congenital ZIKV infection. In this review, we evaluated many aspects of the disease in order to build its natural history, with a focus on the long-term clinical and neuro-radiological outcomes in children. The authors have conducted a wide-ranging search spanning the 2012-2021 period from databases PubMed, PubMed Central, Web of Science, Medline, Scopus. Different sections reflect different points of congenital ZIKV infection syndrome: pathogenesis, prenatal diagnosis, clinical signs, neuroimaging and long-term developmental outcomes. It emerged that pathogenesis has not been fully clarified and that the clinical signs are not only limited to microcephaly. Given the current absence of treatments, we proposed schemes to optimize diagnostic protocols in endemic countries. It is essential to know the key aspects of this disease to guarantee early diagnosis, even in less severe cases, and an adequate management of the main chronic problems. Considering the relatively recent discovery of this congenital infectious syndrome, further studies and updated long-term follow-up are needed to further improve management strategies for this disease.

Keywords: Zika virus; long-term outcomes; microcephaly; neuroimaging; pregnancy; prenatal diagnosis; single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interest.

Figures

**Figure 1**
Algorithm of diagnosis for ZIKV infection in endemic countries.

**Figure 2**
Algorithm of postnatal management of suspected congenital ZIKV infection.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

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References

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1. Schirmer D.A., Kawwass J.F. Epidemiology, Virology, and Pathogenesis of the Zika Virus: From Neglected Tropical Disease to a Focal Point of International Attention. Semin. Reprod. Med. 2016;34:261–265. doi: 10.1055/s-0036-1592069. - DOI - PubMed
1. Mehrjardi M.Z. Is Zika Virus an Emerging TORCH Agent? An Invited Commentary. Virology. 2017;8:1178122X17708993. doi: 10.1177/1178122X17708993. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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1. Duttine A., Smythe T., Ribiero Calheiro de Sá M., Ferrite S., Zuurmond M., Moreira M.E., Collins A., Milner K., Kuper H. Congenital Zika Syndrome—Assessing the Need for a Family Support Programme in Brazil. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2020;17:3559. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17103559. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

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[1] De Vries L.S. Viral Infections and the Neonatal Brain. Semin. Pediatr. Neurol. 2019;32:100769. doi: 10.1016/j.spen.2019.08.005. - DOI - PubMed

[2] De Vries L.S. Viral Infections and the Neonatal Brain. Semin. Pediatr. Neurol. 2019;32:100769. doi: 10.1016/j.spen.2019.08.005. - DOI - PubMed

[3] Schirmer D.A., Kawwass J.F. Epidemiology, Virology, and Pathogenesis of the Zika Virus: From Neglected Tropical Disease to a Focal Point of International Attention. Semin. Reprod. Med. 2016;34:261–265. doi: 10.1055/s-0036-1592069. - DOI - PubMed

[4] Schirmer D.A., Kawwass J.F. Epidemiology, Virology, and Pathogenesis of the Zika Virus: From Neglected Tropical Disease to a Focal Point of International Attention. Semin. Reprod. Med. 2016;34:261–265. doi: 10.1055/s-0036-1592069. - DOI - PubMed

[5] Mehrjardi M.Z. Is Zika Virus an Emerging TORCH Agent? An Invited Commentary. Virology. 2017;8:1178122X17708993. doi: 10.1177/1178122X17708993. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[6] Mehrjardi M.Z. Is Zika Virus an Emerging TORCH Agent? An Invited Commentary. Virology. 2017;8:1178122X17708993. doi: 10.1177/1178122X17708993. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[7] Eloundou S.N., Sheffield J.S. Prenatal Effects of Zika Virus and Management of the Pregnant Woman. Semin. Reprod. Med. 2016;34:280–284. doi: 10.1055/s-0036-1592073. - DOI - PubMed

[8] Eloundou S.N., Sheffield J.S. Prenatal Effects of Zika Virus and Management of the Pregnant Woman. Semin. Reprod. Med. 2016;34:280–284. doi: 10.1055/s-0036-1592073. - DOI - PubMed

[9] Duttine A., Smythe T., Ribiero Calheiro de Sá M., Ferrite S., Zuurmond M., Moreira M.E., Collins A., Milner K., Kuper H. Congenital Zika Syndrome—Assessing the Need for a Family Support Programme in Brazil. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2020;17:3559. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17103559. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[10] Duttine A., Smythe T., Ribiero Calheiro de Sá M., Ferrite S., Zuurmond M., Moreira M.E., Collins A., Milner K., Kuper H. Congenital Zika Syndrome—Assessing the Need for a Family Support Programme in Brazil. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2020;17:3559. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17103559. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

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Congenital Zika Syndrome: Genetic Avenues for Diagnosis and Therapy, Possible Management and Long-Term Outcomes

Affiliations

Congenital Zika Syndrome: Genetic Avenues for Diagnosis and Therapy, Possible Management and Long-Term Outcomes

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

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Abstract

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