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Review
. 2019 Sep 13;3(3):20.
doi: 10.3390/epigenomes3030020.

A Brief Overview of lncRNAs in Endothelial Dysfunction-Associated Diseases: From Discovery to Characterization

Rashidul Islam  1 , Christopher Lai  2
Affiliations
Review

A Brief Overview of lncRNAs in Endothelial Dysfunction-Associated Diseases: From Discovery to Characterization

Rashidul Islam et al. Epigenomes. .

Abstract

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a novel class of regulatory RNA molecules and they are involved in many biological processes and disease developments. Several unique features of lncRNAs have been identified, such as tissue-and/or cell-specific expression pattern, which suggest that they could be potential candidates for therapeutic and diagnostic applications. More recently, the scope of lncRNA studies has been extended to endothelial biology research. Many of lncRNAs were found to be critically involved in the regulation of endothelial function and its associated disease progression. An improved understanding of endothelial biology can thus facilitate the discovery of novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for endothelial dysfunction-associated diseases, such as abnormal angiogenesis, hypertension, diabetes, and atherosclerosis. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism of lncRNA remains undefined in previous published studies. Therefore, in this review, we aimed to discuss the current methodologies for discovering and investigating the functions of lncRNAs and, in particular, to address the functions of selected lncRNAs in endothelial dysfunction-associated diseases.

Keywords: angiogenesis; atherosclerosis; diabetes; endothelial dysfunction; hypertension; lncRNAs.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
A summary of the functional correlations between Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), Endothelial dysfunction (ED) and ED-associated diseases (red arrows represent downregulation or inhibition, green arrows represent upregulation and blue arrows represent possessing causal relationship).
Figure 2
Figure 2
A summary of the current available methodologies for the discovery and characterization of the cellular functions of lncRNAs. RNA-seq: RNA sequencing; SAGE: Serial analysis of gene expression; CAGE: Cap analysis of gene expression; ASOs: Antisense oligonucleotides; CRISPRi: CRISPR interference; siRNA: Small interfering RNA; shRNA: Short hairpin RNA; smRNA: Single-molecule RNA; FISH: Fluorescence in situ hybridization; CHART: Capture hybridization analysis of RNA target; ChIRP: Chromatin isolation by RNA purification; RAP: RNA antisense purification; CLASH: Cross-linking, ligation and sequencing of hybrid; RIP: RNA immunoprecipitation; HITS-CLIP: High-throughput sequencing of RNA isolated by cross-linking immunoprecipitatio; PAR-CLIP: Photoactivatable ribonucleotide-enhanced cross linking and immunoprecipitation.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The correlations of functional involvements of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in abnormal angiogenesis, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and diabetes. Green arrows represent up-regulation and red arrows represent down regulation/ inhibition. All abbreviations mentioned in the figure are spelled out in the end of the article.
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