Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2021 Dec 17:14:2115-2134.
doi: 10.2147/PRBM.S292958. eCollection 2021.

A Review of DNA Risk Alleles to Determine Epigenetic Repair of mRNA Expression to Prove Therapeutic Effectiveness in Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS): Embracing "Precision Behavioral Management"

Kenneth Blum  1   2   3   4   5 , Bruce Steinberg  6 , Marjorie C Gondre-Lewis  7 , David Baron  1 , Edward J Modestino  6 , Rajendra D Badgaiyan  8   9   10 , B William Downs  11 , Debasis Bagchi  11 , Raymond Brewer  5 , Thomas McLaughlin  12 , Abdalla Bowirrat  13 , Mark Gold  14
Affiliations
Review

A Review of DNA Risk Alleles to Determine Epigenetic Repair of mRNA Expression to Prove Therapeutic Effectiveness in Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS): Embracing "Precision Behavioral Management"

Kenneth Blum et al. Psychol Res Behav Manag. .

Abstract

This is a review of research on "Precision Behavioral Management" of substance use disorder (SUD). America is experiencing a high prevalence of substance use disorder, primarily involving legal and illegal opioid use. A 3000% increase in treatment for substance abuse has occurred between 2000 and 2016. Unfortunately, present day treatment of opioid abuse involves providing replacement therapy with powerful opioids to, at best, induce harm reduction, not prophylaxis. These interventions do not enhance gene expression and restore the balance of the brain reward system's neurotransmitters. We are proposing a generalized approach called "Precision Behavioral Management". This approach includes 1) using the Genetic Addiction Risk Severity (GARS, a 10 candidate polymorphic gene panel shown to predict ASI-alcohol and drug severity) to assess early pre-disposition to substance use disorder; 2) using a validated reward deficiency syndrome (RDS) questionnaire; 3) utilization of the Comprehensive Analysis of Reported Drugs (CARD™) to assess treatment compliance and abstinence from illicit drugs during treatment, and, importantly; 4) utilization of a "Pro-dopamine regulator (KB220)" (via IV or oral [KB220Z] delivery systems) to optimize gene expression, restore the balance of the Brain Reward Cascade's neurotransmitter systems and prevent relapse by induction of dopamine homeostasis, and; 5) utilization of targeted DNA polymorphic reward genes to direct mRNA genetic expression profiling during the treatment process. Incorporation of these events can be applied to not only the under-considered African-American RDS community, but all victims of RDS, as a demonstration of a paradigm shift that uniquely provides a novel putative "standard of care" based on DNA guided precision nutrition therapy to induce "dopamine homeostasis" and rebalance neurotransmitters in the Brain Reward Cascade. We are also developing a Reward Deficiency Syndrome Diagnostic Criteria (RDSDC) to assist in potential tertiary treatment.

Keywords: GARS; KB220; SUD; dopamine; genomic disparity; homeostasis; pro-dopamine regulation; substance use disorder.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

KB is the inventor and has an equitable interest and holder of related USA patents issued and pending and foreign patents issued in Europe for genetic testing. KB and RB are executives of Geneus Health, LLC and KB owns equity in GH and iVitalize, Inc. KB, through Geneus Health LLC, has licensed KB220 technology to Victory Nutrition International (VNI). KB acts as a scientific advisor to VNI. MCGL, DB, EJM and RDB are unpaid members of GH’s scientific Board. BWD received a license to market the KB220Z from Synaptamine, LLC. The authors report no other conflicts of interest in this work.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Reward Deficiency Syndrome SolutionTM for identification of risk alleles with the Genetic Addiction Risk Severity (GARS). The figure describes the Reward Deficiency Syndrome Solution SystemTM that proposes using the Genetic Addiction Risk Severity (GARS) to identify and stratify risk alleles for targeting by individualized nutrigenomic preparations. Our approach called “Precision Behavioral Management” consists of; 1) Early pre-disposition assessment and determination (even in children) with the Genetic Addiction Risk Severity (GARS), a 10 candidate polymorphic gene panel shown to predict ASI-alcohol and drug severity; 2) validated RDS questionnaire; 3) Utilization of the Comprehensive Analysis of Reported Drugs (CARD™) during actual treatment to determine compliance with prescribed medications and abstinence from non-prescribed and illicit drugs of abuse, and importantly; 4) Utilization of a “Pro-Dopamine Regulator (KB220)” (via IV and oral [KB220Z] delivery systems) to prevent relapse by induction of dopamine homeostasis, and; 5) Utilization of targeted DNA polymorphic reward genes to direct mRNA genetic expression profiling during the treatment process.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

See all "Cited by" articles

References

    1. SAMHSA. Available from: SAMHSA.gov/data/report/results-2013-national-survey-drug-use-and-health-.... Accessed November 24, 2021
    1. National Institutes on Drug Abuse, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. National survey on drug use and health, 2014–2020. Available from: SAMHSA.gov/data/data-we-collect/NSDUH-National-Survey-drug-use-and-health. Accessed November 24, 2021.
    1. Hingson R, Heeren T, Winter M, et al. Magnitude of alcohol-related mortality and morbidity among U.S. college students ages 18–24: changes from 1998–2001. Annu Rev Public Health. 2005;26:2590279. PMID: 15760289. doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.26.021304.144652 - DOI - PubMed
    1. National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Drug Abuse. Monitoring the future national survey results on drug use, 1975–2019, volume 1: secondary school students; 2019.
    1. Volkow ND. Pandemic worsens opioid crisis: NIDA director; July 2020. Available from: https://drugfree.org/drug-and-alcohol-news/pandemic-worsens-opioid-crisi.... Accessed November 24, 2021.