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Review
. 2021 Sep 17:12:735305.
doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.735305. eCollection 2021.

Analysis of the Genetic Diversity Associated With the Drug Resistance and Pathogenicity of Influenza A Virus Isolated in Bangladesh From 2002 to 2019

Md Golzar Hossain  1 , Sharmin Akter  2 , Priya Dhole  3 , Sukumar Saha  1 , Taheruzzaman Kazi  4 , Abir Majbauddin  4 , Md Sayeedul Islam  5
Affiliations
Review

Analysis of the Genetic Diversity Associated With the Drug Resistance and Pathogenicity of Influenza A Virus Isolated in Bangladesh From 2002 to 2019

Md Golzar Hossain et al. Front Microbiol. .

Abstract

The subtype prevalence, drug resistance- and pathogenicity-associated mutations, and the distribution of the influenza A virus (IAV) isolates identified in Bangladesh from 2002 to 2019 were analyzed using bioinformatic tools. A total of 30 IAV subtypes have been identified in humans (4), avian species (29), and environment (5) in Bangladesh. The predominant subtypes in human and avian species are H1N1/H3N2 and H5N1/H9N2, respectively. However, the subtypes H5N1/H9N2 infecting humans and H3N2/H1N1 infecting avian species have also been identified. Among the avian species, the maximum number of subtypes (27) have been identified in ducks. A 3.56% of the isolates showed neuraminidase inhibitor (NAI) resistance with a prevalence of 8.50, 1.33, and 2.67% in avian species, humans, and the environment, respectively, the following mutations were detected: V116A, I117V, D198N, I223R, S247N, H275Y, and N295S. Prevalence of adamantane-resistant IAVs was 100, 50, and 30.54% in humans, the environment, and avian species, respectively, the subtypes H3N2, H1N1, H9N2, and H5N2 were highly prevalent, with the subtype H5N1 showing a comparatively lower prevalence. Important PB2 mutations such D9N, K526R, A588V, A588I, G590S, Q591R, E627K, K702R, and S714R were identified. A wide range of IAV subtypes have been identified in Bangladesh with a diversified genetic variation in the NA, M2, and PB2 proteins providing drug resistance and enhanced pathogenicity. This study provides a detailed analysis of the subtypes, and the host range of the IAV isolates and the genetic variations related to their proteins, which may aid in the prevention, treatment, and control of IAV infections in Bangladesh, and would serve as a basis for future investigations.

Keywords: Bangladesh; drug resistance; host; influenza A virus; mutations; pathogenicity; subtypes.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Emergence and prevalence of influenza A virus (IAV) subtypes in humans, environment, and avian species. Data regarding 2,005 IAV isolates (human: 1,311, avian: 618, and environment: 76) collected in Bangladesh from 2002 to 2019 were retrieved from GISAID, and the prevalence of the different subtypes was determined. (A) Year of first reporting of the emergence of subtypes from 2002 to 2019. Prevalence of IAV subtypes in the avian hosts (B), humans (C), and environment (D).
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Distribution of the IAV subtypes in various avian species in Bangladesh. Distribution was analyzed using 618 IAV isolates from 2006 to 2019 retrieved from GISAID. Distribution of 256 IAV duck isolates into subtypes (A). Distribution of 284 chicken, 43 quail, 7 goose, and 3 waterfowl IAV isolates among subtypes (B,C). Distribution of mentioned avian IAV isolates in different subtypes (D).
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Prevalence of NAI resistance-associated mutations and their distribution in hosts and virus subtypes. The prevalence of NAI resistance-associated mutations among 1,828 isolates/sequences (human: 1,200, avian: 553, and environment: 75) was analyzed using the “Antiviral Resistance Risk Assessment” tool of the Influenza Research Database (A). The distribution of 47 NAI-resistant isolates among avian species was analyzed (B). The distribution of 65 isolates found resistant to NAI in humans, avian hosts, and the environment (C). H0N0 means mixed isolates.
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
Prevalence of adamantane resistance-associated mutations and their distribution in host and virus subtypes. Isolates, 1,761 (human: 1,220, avian: 465, and environment: 76), were screened for M2 protein mutations associated with adamantane resistance, and prevalence was analyzed (A). The prevalence of adamantane-resistant mutations among 1,489 isolates of the abovementioned subtypes was analyzed (B). The distribution of all 1389 isolates showed adamantanes resistant mutations among the different hosts (C).
FIGURE 5
FIGURE 5
Prevalence of PB2 protein mutations associated with increased pathogenicity and distribution in host and subtypes. Data of 1,568 isolates (human: 1,050, avian: 456, and environment: 62) were retrieved and analyzed. In avian hosts, 221 isolates showed PB2 mutations associated with increased pathogenicity, which were from 376 isolates of the abovementioned subtypes (A). Distribution of the 221 isolates among different avian species (B).
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