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Review
. 2021 Jul 9;14(14):3844.
doi: 10.3390/ma14143844.

Advances in 3D-Printed Surface-Modified Ca-Si Bioceramic Structures and Their Potential for Bone Tumor Therapy

Linh B Truong  1 , David Medina Cruz  1 , Ebrahim Mostafavi  1   2   3 , Catherine P O'Connell  1 , Thomas J Webster  1
Affiliations
Review

Advances in 3D-Printed Surface-Modified Ca-Si Bioceramic Structures and Their Potential for Bone Tumor Therapy

Linh B Truong et al. Materials (Basel). .

Abstract

Bioceramics such as calcium silicate (Ca-Si), have gained a lot of interest in the biomedical field due to their strength, osteogenesis capability, mechanical stability, and biocompatibility. As such, these materials are excellent candidates to promote bone and tissue regeneration along with treating bone cancer. Bioceramic scaffolds, functionalized with appropriate materials, can achieve desirable photothermal effects, opening up a bifunctional approach to osteosarcoma treatments-simultaneously killing cancerous cells while expediting healthy bone tissue regeneration. At the same time, they can also be used as vehicles and cargo structures to deliver anticancer drugs and molecules in a targeted manner to tumorous tissue. However, the traditional synthesis routes for these bioceramic scaffolds limit the macro-, micro-, and nanostructures necessary for maximal benefits for photothermal therapy and drug delivery. Therefore, a different approach to formulate bioceramic scaffolds has emerged in the form of 3D printing, which offers a sustainable, highly reproducible, and scalable method for the production of valuable biomedical materials. Here, calcium silicate (Ca-Si) is reviewed as a novel 3D printing base material, functionalized with highly photothermal materials for osteosarcoma therapy and drug delivery platforms. Consequently, this review aims to detail advances made towards functionalizing 3D-printed Ca-Si and similar bioceramic scaffold structures as well as their resulting applications for various aspects of tumor therapy, with a focus on the external surface and internal dispersion functionalization of the scaffolds.

Keywords: bioceramics; biocompatibility; calcium silicate; cancer therapy; nanomaterials; osteosarcoma; photothermal therapy.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
(A) Illustration of the fabrication process for BP-BG scaffold, highlighting the therapeutic strategy around the use of the scaffold for the successful removal of osteosarcoma, which was followed by osteogenesis through three steps: biodegradation, biomineralization and bioregeneration (Yang 2018) (B) Schematic showing the integrated strategy of BCN-AKT scaffolds for triggering photothermal therapy and repair of tumor-initiated bone defects (Zhaoa 2020). Abbreviations: BP nanosheets combined with 3D printed bioglass (BP-BG); 2D borocarbonitrides nanosheets combined with akermanite in a 3D bioglass (BCN-AKT).
Figure 2
Figure 2
(A) Illustration of the cryogenic 3D printing process for the generation of multi-functional scaffolds along with their biomedical application; (a) Synthesis process and 3D printing of multi-functional scaffolds; (b) Process of tumor tissue ablation in mice by mean of photothermal therapy and localized chemotherapy, as well as total regeneration of cranial bone defects (Wang 2020); (B) Illustration of the fabrication of Fe-CaSiO3 scaffolds and their biomedical application for long-term bone regeneration by offering a synergistic therapy with short-term tumor therapy (Ma 2018); (C) Illustration for the fabrication process of the larnite/C scaffolds and their biomedical applications (Fu 2020).
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