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Review
. 2021 Apr 15;13(4):3868-3889.
eCollection 2021.

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in prostate cancer: its implications in diagnostics and therapeutics

Khaled S Allemailem  1 , Ahmad Almatroudi  1 , Faris Alrumaihi  1 , Nahlah Makki Almansour  2 , Fahad M Aldakheel  3   4 , Rafiq Ahmad Rather  5 , Dil Afroze  5 , Bilal Rah  1
Affiliations
Review

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in prostate cancer: its implications in diagnostics and therapeutics

Khaled S Allemailem et al. Am J Transl Res. .

Abstract

Prostate cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed malignancies in developed countries and approximately 248,530 new cases of prostate cancer are likely to be diagnosed in the United States in 2021. During the late 1990s and 2000s, the prostate cancer-related death rate has decreased by 4% per year on average because of advancements in prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing. However, the non-specificity of PSA to distinguish between benign and malignant forms of cancer is a major concern in the management of prostate cancer. Despite other risk factors in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer, recent advancement in molecular genetics suggests that genetic heredity plays a crucial role in prostate carcinogenesis. Approximately, 60% of heritability and more than 100 well-recognized single-nucleotide-polymorphisms (SNPs) have been found to be associated with prostate cancer and constitute a major risk factor in the development of prostate cancer. Recent findings revealed that a low to moderate effect on the progression of prostate cancer of individual SNPs was observed compared to a strong progressive effect when SNPs were in combination. Here, in this review, we made an attempt to critically analyze the role of SNPs and associated genes in the development of prostate cancer and their implications in diagnostics and therapeutics. A better understanding of the role of SNPs in prostate cancer susceptibility may improve risk prediction, enhance fine-mapping, and furnish new insights into the underlying pathophysiology of prostate cancer.

Keywords: Prostate cancer; polymorphism; prostate specific antigen; single nucleotide polymorphisms; tumorigenesis.

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Conflict of interest statement

None.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Prostate cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis to bone with upregulation and downregulation of tumor suppressor and proto-oncogenes involved in various signaling pathways.
Figure 2
Figure 2
A small change in nucleotide sequence results in the formation of single nucleotide polymorphism.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Idiogram showing SNPs locus associated with prostate cancer risk by GWAS studies.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Various risk factors involved in prostate cancer progression.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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