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Review
. 2021 Apr 27:12:627693.
doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.627693. eCollection 2021.

Preclinical Advances in Theranostics for the Different Molecular Subtypes of Breast Cancer

Hanyi Fang  1   2   3 , Alessandra Cavaliere  1 , Ziqi Li  1   4 , Yiyun Huang  1 , Bernadette Marquez-Nostra  1
Affiliations
Review

Preclinical Advances in Theranostics for the Different Molecular Subtypes of Breast Cancer

Hanyi Fang et al. Front Pharmacol. .

Abstract

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide. The heterogeneity of breast cancer and drug resistance to therapies make the diagnosis and treatment difficult. Molecular imaging methods with positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission tomography (SPECT) provide useful tools to diagnose, predict, and monitor the response of therapy, contributing to precision medicine for breast cancer patients. Recently, many efforts have been made to find new targets for breast cancer therapy to overcome resistance to standard of care treatments, giving rise to new therapeutic agents to offer more options for patients with breast cancer. The combination of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies forms the foundation of theranostics. Some of these theranostic agents exhibit high potential to be translated to clinic. In this review, we highlight the most recent advances in theranostics of the different molecular subtypes of breast cancer in preclinical studies.

Keywords: breast cancer subtypes; molecular imaging; positron emission tomography; preclinical (in-vivo) studies; single-photon emission computed tomography; targeted therapy; theranostics (combined therapeutic and diagnostic technology).

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Structures of radiolabeled small molecules for imaging of breast cancer.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
General structure of radiolabeled biomolecules for imaging of breast cancer. Created with BioRender.com.
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
SPECT/CT imaging using 111In-JMV4168 in orthotopic (green arrows) and subcutaneous (white arrows) tumors of T47D (A) and MCF7 (B) xenografts at 4 h post-injection of 111In-JMV4168 (Dalm et al., 2015). The general structure of 111In-JMV4168 was shown in Figure 2D.
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
SPECT Imaging of MDM2 expression in MCF-7 xenografts using 99mTc-HYNIC-antisense (A) and mismatch (B) probes at 4 h post-injection. Tumors are indicated by red arrows (Fu et al., 2010). The general structure of 99mTc-HYNIC-antisense was shown in Figure 2A.
FIGURE 5
FIGURE 5
PET/CT imaging of [89Zr]ZrDFO-Amivantamab in MDA-MB-468 (A), MDA-MB-231 (B) and MDA-MB-453 (C) xenografts of TNBC at 96 h p. i. Tumors are marked with arrows (Cavaliere et al., 2020). The general structure of [89Zr]ZrDFO-Amivantamab was shown in Figure 2H.
FIGURE 6
FIGURE 6
PET imaging of 68Ga-PSMA-11 in MDA-MB-231 (A) and MCF-7 (B) xenografts at 30 min post-injection (Morgenroth et al., 2019).
FIGURE 7
FIGURE 7
Intratumoral administration of 177Lu-DOTA-DN(PTX)-BN after 1.5 h (A), 9 h (B), 10 h (C), 24 h (D), and 120 h (E) in T47D xenograft model (Gibbens-Bandala et al., 2019a). The general structure of 177Lu-DOTA-DN(PTX)-BN was shown in Figure 2I.
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