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. 2021 Apr 14;11(1):8196.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-87326-4.

Combining genotypic and phenotypic variation in a geospatial framework to identify sources of mussels in northern New Zealand

Jonathan P A Gardner  1 , Catarina N S Silva  2   3 , Craig R Norrie  3   4 , Brendon J Dunphy  5
Affiliations

Combining genotypic and phenotypic variation in a geospatial framework to identify sources of mussels in northern New Zealand

Jonathan P A Gardner et al. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

The New Zealand green-lipped mussel aquaculture industry is largely dependent on the supply of young mussels that wash up on Ninety Mile Beach (so-called Kaitaia spat), which are collected and trucked to aquaculture farms. The locations of source populations of Kaitaia spat are unknown and this lack of knowledge represents a major problem because spat supply may be irregular. We combined genotypic (microsatellite) and phenotypic (shell geochemistry) data in a geospatial framework to determine if this new approach can help identify source populations of mussels collected from two spat-collecting and four non-spat-collecting sites further south. Genetic analyses resolved differentiated clusters (mostly three clusters), but no obvious source populations. Shell geochemistry analyses resolved six differentiated clusters, as did the combined genotypic and phenotypic data. Analyses revealed high levels of spatial and temporal variability in the geochemistry signal. Whilst we have not been able to identify the source site(s) of Kaitaia spat our analyses indicate that geospatial testing using combined genotypic and phenotypic data is a powerful approach. Next steps should employ analyses of single nucleotide polymorphism markers with shell geochemistry and in conjunction with high resolution physical oceanographic modelling to resolve the longstanding question of the origin of Kaitaia spat.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Principal Coordinates analysis (PCoA) plot (site-specific means ± SE) for six samples of Perna canaliculus based on variation at 10 microsatellite loci.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Average (cross symbol) and 95% confidence intervals (coloured ellipses) of canonical scores from quadratic discriminant function analysis of ratios of TE:Ca to B, Co, Li, Mg, Mn and Ni in shells of juvenile P. canaliculus collected from six sites within the North Island of New Zealand in January 2015. To gain an understanding of temporal variation samples were also collected in February and March at Ahipara. Direction of spread of site-specific samples is explained by elemental directions shown in the centre of the plot.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Boxplots of elemental ratios (TE:Ca on x-axis) quantified via ICP-MS in shells of juvenile green-lipped mussels (P. canaliculus) collected from Scott Point (SCO), Ahipara (AHI, Jan, Feb, Mar), Tanutanu Beach (TAN), Mitimiti (MIT), Whatipu (WHA) and Oakura (OAK) in 2015. Sites are displayed from north to south on the y-axis. Solid lines within the box indicate medians, boxes and whiskers indicate the 10th, 25th, 75th and 90th percentiles, respectively.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Location of sampling sites from which green-lipped mussels (P. canaliculus) were collected along the west coast of the North Island of New Zealand.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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